Methods of treatment

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides for methods of treating a patient with a CYP3A4 substrate drug contraindicated for concomitant administration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, wherein the patient is treated with multiple doses of posaconazole, stops posaconazole treatment, and then is treated with the CYP3A4 substrate drug. In some embodiments, treatment with the CYP3A4 substrate drug is delayed for about 5-21 after stopping posaconazole. In some embodiments, the patient is treated with or prescribed a reduced dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for about 5-21 after stopping posaconazole.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/596,585, filed May 16, 2017, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Posaconazole, also called Noxafil and Posanol, is indicated for the prophylaxis of invasive Aspergillus and Candida infections in patients who are at high risk of developing these infections due to being severely immunocompromised, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or those with hematologic malignancies with prolonged neutropenia from chemotherapy, for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), including OPC refractory (rOPC) to itraconazole and/or fluconazole, the treatment of invasive aspergillosis, and the treatment of zygomycosis. Posaconazole has also been used “off-label” for treating allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; prophylaxis or treatment of recurrent candidiasis for the esophagus, secondary to HIV infection; Fusarium infections mycosis; and chronic or cavitary necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis.

Posaconazole is a strong inhibitor of the CYP3A4 enzyme, a member of the cytochrome P450 family of oxidizing enzymes found in the liver. These Cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP3A4, oxidize small organic molecules in the body, such as toxins or certain drugs, thereby deactivating and/or degrading them. Organic molecules in the body (such as a drug) which are primarily oxidized by a particular enzyme can be referred to as “substrates” for the relevant enzyme. A drug which is primarily oxidized by the CYP3A4 enzyme can be referred to as a “CYP3A4 substrate drug.”

The Noxafil label specifically contraindicates the co-administration of CYP3A4 substrate drug with specific drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 such as sirolimus, CYP3A4 substrates such as pimozide and quinidine, HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors primarily metabolized through CYP3A4, and ergot alkaloids, and indicates that dosage adjustments should be considered when concomitantly administering posaconazole with other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, including Tacrolimus, cyclosporine, vinca alkaloids such as vincristine and vinblastine, and calcium channel blockers such as verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine, nicardipine, and felodipine. However, while the Noxafil label does identify specific drug-drug interactions related to concomitant administration of posaconazole and CYP3A4 substrate drugs, it does not indicate any concerns regarding the administration of CYP3A4 substrate drugs after ceasing the administration of posaconazole.

The present inventors have surprisingly discovered that a delay in administration of a CYP3A4 substrate drug, or in some instances a dose adjustment of a CYP3A4 substrate drug for a specified time interval is required after ceasing the administration of posaconazole in order to prevent or reduce the incidence of dangerous side effects of the CYP3A4 substrate drug.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure provides for methods of treating a patient with a CYP3A4 substrate drug contraindicated for concomitant administration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, wherein the patient was previously administered a therapeutically effective regimen of posaconazole.

Applicants have discovered that although CYP3A4 substrate drugs are generally only contraindicated for coadministration with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as posaconazole, CYP3A4 substrate drugs cannot always be safely administrated immediately after a patient has stopped posaconazole treatment. Applicants have discovered that posaconazole accumulation in the body of patients, particularly for specific patient populations as described herein, can result in serious and potentially life-threatening side effects if a CYP3A4 substrate drug is administered too soon, subsequent to the cessation of a posaconazole regimen. Accordingly, for CYP3A4 substrate drugs, particularly those contraindicated for coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (including but not limited to posaconazole), a washout or delay period of about 2-42 days (e.g., 2-21 days) between ceasing administration of the posaconazole regimen and starting administration of the CYP3A4 substrate drug is required in order to avoid or reduce the incidence of side effects resulting from administration of the CYP3A4 substrate drug. Alternatively, rather than delaying administering the CYP3A4 substrate drug after ceasing administration of the posaconazole regimen, in some embodiments, the Applicants have discovered that patients can safely be administered a reduced dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug (reduced relative to the recommended dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug) for a period of time (about 2-42 days (e.g., 2-21 days)) following cessation of the posaconazole regimen, after which the dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be safely increased to the recommended level.

In certain embodiments, the disclosed methods of delaying treatment with a CYP3A4 substrate drug, or reducing the dose of a CYP3A4 substrate drug, for about 2-42 days (e.g., 2-21 days) after ceasing administration of a posaconazole regimen are directed to a normal patient, e.g., non-obese patients and normal CYP3A4 metabolizers. In certain embodiments, the disclosed methods of delaying treatment of a CYP3A4 substrate drug, or reducing the dose of a CYP3A4 substrate drug, for about 2-42 days (e.g., 2-21 days) after ceasing administration of a posaconazole regimen are directed to patients having specific physiological characteristics as described herein. Such patients can exhibit a substantially greater exposure to the CYP3A4 substrate drug after ceasing administration of a posaconazole regimen than was previously known, and therefore after ceasing administration of posaconazole, require substantially longer “washout” periods prior to starting treatment of a CYP3A4 substrate drug, or require treatment of a reduced dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for a substantially longer period in order to avoid or reduce the incidence of side effects associated with treatment of the CYP3A4 substrate drug. More specifically, the present applicants have found that patients having specific physiological characteristics as described herein exhibit higher than expected exposure to a CYP3A4 substrate drug dosed after ceasing administration of a posaconazole regimen, compared to “normal” patients (e.g., a patient who is otherwise the same except for having specific physiological characteristics as described herein). For example, patients with e.g., BMI values in the “normal” range (about 18.5-24.9) can exhibit substantially reduced CYP3A4 substrate drug elimination; such patients may be described as poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizers. Thus, as disclosed herein, the present inventors have found that specific patient populations may require substantially different and longer washout periods after ceasing administration of posaconazole and prior to starting treatment with a CYP3A4 substrate drug, or alternatively treating with a reduced dose of a CYP3A4 substrate drug for a particular period of time after stopping posaconazole treatment.

In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides for methods of treating a patient by delaying a first use of a CYP3A4 substrate drug until about 2-42 days (e.g., 2-21 days) after stopping administration of posaconazole. In embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is a drug contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as but not limited to posaconazole. Accordingly, in various embodiments, the present disclosure provides for methods of treating a patient who has previously been treated with multiple doses of posaconazole, with a CYP3A4 substrate drug contraindicated for concomitant treatment with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, said method comprising first treating the patient, or prescribing the first treatment to begin, with a dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug at least 2-42 days (e.g., 2-21 days) after stopping a posaconazole treatment.

In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides for methods of treating a patient, or prescribing the first treatment to begin, with a CYP3A4 substrate drug at a dose which is less than or equal to about 50% of the reference dose, e.g., for a period of at least about 2-42 days (e.g., 2-21 days) after stopping posaconazole treatment. Accordingly, in various embodiments, the methods include treating, or prescribing the first treatment to begin, with a therapeutically effective amount of a CYP3A4 substrate drug contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor to a patient in need thereof. In some embodiments, the patient has previously been treated with posaconazole. In some embodiments, the patient is treated, or prescribed to be treated, with a CYP3A4 substrate drug at a dose which is no more than about 50% of the reference dose for at least about 2-42 days (e.g., 2-21 days) after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides for methods of treating patients, or prescribing treatment for patients, having a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia in adults and adolescents (13 to 17 years), depressive episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder (bipolar depression) in adults, monotherapy or adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate, chronic angina, cystic fibrosis in patients 6 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene, chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients with 17p deletion, who have received at least one prior therapy, unresectable or metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma in patients who received a prior anthracycline-containing regimen, advanced or metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer, negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for postmenopausal women, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis, hypercalcemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma or in patients with primary HPT for who parathyroidectomy would be indicated on the basis of serum calcium levels, but who are unable to undergo parathyroidectomy, hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis, schizophrenia, acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection as a component of a combination antiviral treatment regimen with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin in HCV genotype 1 infected subjects with compensated liver disease, postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (advanced HR+ BC), e.g., in combination with exemestane after failure of treatment with letrozole or anastrozole, progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin (PNET), progressive, well-differentiated, non-functional neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of gastrointestinal (GI) or lung origin that are unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), e.g., after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), not requiring immediate surgery, TSC in patients who have subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) that require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for surgical resection, type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control, major depressive disorder (MDD), thrombotic cardiovascular events (e.g., cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients who have undergone hip or knee replacement surgery, DVT, PE, recurrent DVT and PE following initial therapy, moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis in patients who have had inadequate response or tolerance to methotrexate, acute migraine with or without aura, chronic phase and accelerated phase Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CIVIL) in newly diagnosed patients or in patients resistant to or intolerant to prior therapy that included imatinib, atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with a history of paroxysmal or persistant AF or atrial flutter (AFK), who are in sinus rhythm or will be cardioverted, asthma in patients aged 4 years and older, airflow obstruction and reducing exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) to improve exercise ability, gout flares, Familial Mediterranean fever, antiretroviral therapy, anxiety disorders, panic disorders, seizures, insomnia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, cancer, such as primary kidney cancer, advanced primary liver cancer, radioactive iodine resistant advanced thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mantle cell lymphoma in patients who have received at least one prior therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with 17p deletion, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, marginal zone lymphoma who require systemic therapy and have received at least one prior anti-CD20-based therapy, unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation, allergies, transplantation, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, treatment of clinically significant hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia, including patients with heart failure and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC) including high-dose cisplatin, prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC), over-active bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (L858R) substitution mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test receiving first-line, maintenance, or second or greater line treatment after progression, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, in combination with gemcitabine, HER2-positive, metastatic breast cancer who previously received trastuzumab and a taxane, separately or in combination in patients who have either: received prior therapy for metastatic disease or developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing adjuvant therapy, chronic, accelerated, or blast phase Ph+ chronic myelogenous leukemia (CIVIL) in adults with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after disease progression on or intolerance to imatinib mesylate, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), progressive, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease, CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection in patients 2 years of age and older weighing at least 10 kg in combination with other antiretroviral agents, advanced renal cell carcinoma, advanced soft tissue sarcoma who have received prior chemotherapy, manic and mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I, Major Depressive Disorder, irritability associated with Autistic Disorder, Tourette's disorder, agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar mania, advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of one prior systemic therapy, to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have inadequate control with dapagliflozin or who are already treated with dapagliflozin and saxagliptin, progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy, chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph+ ALL in adults for whom no other tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is indicated, T315I-positive CIVIL (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase) or T315I-positive Philadelphia chromosome in adults, positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), invasive aspergillosis, invasive mucormycosis, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), schizophrenia in adults, hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine based therapy in postmenopausal women, or fulvestrant in women with disease progression following endocrine therapy, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), suppression of motor and phonic tics in patients with Tourette's Disorder who have failed to respond satisfactorily to standard treatment, treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease has not progressed after four cycles of platinum-based first-line chemotherapy, locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis (TS) who require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for curative surgical resection, renal angiomyolipoma, tuberous sclerosis complex, hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy in women in combination with fulvestrant, as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with HRpositive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy and prior chemotherapy in the metastatic setting, cystic fibrosis (CF) in patients age 2 years and older who have one mutation in the CFTR gene that is responsive to ivacaftor based on clinical and/or in vitro assay data, deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adult patients who have been treated with three or more prior lines of chemotherapy, intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera patients who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea, as an adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, cystic fibrosis (CF) patients aged 12 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation or who have at least one mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is responsive to tezacaftor/ivacaftor based on in vitro data and/or clinical evidence, metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an antiVEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients who have been previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have been previously treated with sorafenib, chronic HCV genotype 1 or 3 infection with sofosbuvir and with or without ribavirin, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ROS1-positive as detected by an FDA-approved test, opioid induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g., weekly) opioid dosage escalation, unresectable or metastatic melanoma in patients with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, in combination with trametinib, for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma in patients with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test, melanoma in patients with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, and involvement of lymph node(s), following complete resection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, locally advanced or metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) in patients with BRAF V600E mutation and with no satisfactory locoregional treatment options, and with or without ribavirin for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults. In some embodiments, the methods include treating the disease or condition with a CYP3A4 substrate drug which is contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, wherein the patient is also in need of treatment with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (i.e., posaconazole). In some embodiments, the methods include (a) delaying a first treatment of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for at least about 2-21 days after stopping posaconazole; and then (b) treating, or prescribing a first treatment, with the CYP3A4 substrate drug. In other embodiments, the methods include (a) delaying a first treatment of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for at least about 2-21 days after stopping administration of the posaconazole regimen, and then (b) treating or prescribing a first treatment the CYP3A4 substrate drug at a dose which is less than or equal to about 50% of the reference dose for at least about 2-21 days after stopping administration of the posaconazole regimen.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows mean (±standard error) plasma posaconazole concentrations in normal-weight subjects, and in obese subjects during the period of posaconazole administration and after disconcontinuation. See Table 2 for kinetic analysis.

FIG. 2 shows mean plasma lurasidone concentrations in normal-weight subjects (FIGS. 2A and 2B) and in obese subjects (FIGS. 2C and 2D). FIGS. 2A and 2C show the 72-hour duration of the study with a logarithmic concentration axis. FIGS. 2B and 2D show the first 24 hours after dosage with a linear concentration axis. (Data for Days 20 and 26 is not shown).

FIG. 3 shows the arithmetic mean (±standard error) ratio of lurasidone AUC during and after posaconazole dosage divided by the AUC in the baseline control condition in normal-weight and obese subject groups. At all time points, the ratios were significantly different from 1.0.

FIG. 4 shows the relation of plasma posaconazole concentration (X-axis) to Lurasidone AUC (Y-axis). Solid line represents the function of best fit as determined by linear regression analysis. The fitted function is: Y=2.38 X^(0.58)+110.6.

FIG. 5 shows the mean (±SD) and log-transformed plasma posaconazole concentrations in normal-weight subjects and obese subjects during the period of posaconazole administration and after discontinuation. FIG. 5A shows a linear concentration axis. FIG. 5B shows a logarithmic concentration axis.

FIG. 6 shows the mean (±SD) plasma ranolazine concentrations in normal-weight subjects (FIG. 6A) and obese subjects (FIG. 6B) alone (day 1), with posaconazole coadministration (day 15), and after posaconazole discontinuation (days 18-29). See Table 10 for kinetic analysis. Top is linear concentration axes. Right is logarithmic concentration axes.

FIG. 7 shows the geometric mean ratios (GMR) and 90% CI of ranolazine AUC (FIG. 7A) and C_(max) (FIG. 7B) relative to day 1. GMR=1.5 line refers to the levels observed during ranolazine coadministration with diltiazem in preapproval studies. AUC indicates area under the concentration-time curve; C_(max), peak concentration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

All documents, including patents, applications, and non-patent publications cited herein are incorporated herein in their entireties for all purposes.

As used herein, the term “about” refers to an amount somewhat more or less than the stated parameter value, for example plus or minus five or ten percent of the object that “about” modifies, or as one of skill in the art would recognize from the context (e.g., approximately 50% of the interval between values). The term “about” also includes the value referenced. For example, a BMI of about 40 includes 40, as well as values somewhat below or above 40.

As used herein, the term “patient” refers to a human subject. In some embodiments, the patient can be a male or a female. In some embodiments, the patient can be an adult, or a pediatric patient.

As used herein “treating or “prescribing” as it pertains to the CYP3A4 substrate drug during the 2-21 day period after ceasing posaconazole treatment, refers to the overall therapeutic regimen of the CYP3A4 substrate drug. For example, a patient may be prescribed or administered (including self-administering) a reduced dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug (e.g., no more than about 50% of the reference dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug) during this period. In some embodiments, the patient would not be administered, or would, in the physician's prescribed dosing regimen, be advised not to take the CYP3A4 substrate drug during the 2-21 day period; afterwards, the patient could (or would be prescribed to) resume taking e.g., the reference amount of the CYP3A4 substrate drug.

As used herein, the terms “treating,” “treatment” and “treat” include (i) preventing a particular disease or disorder from occurring in a subject who may be predisposed to the disease or disorder but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) curing, treating, or inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting its development; or (iii) ameliorating the disease by reducing or eliminating symptoms, conditions, and/or by causing regression of the disease. In some embodiments, “treating,” “treatment” and “treat” may include administering a therapeutically effective regimen as defined herein.

As used herein, a “therapeutically effective regimen” refers to a treatment regimen of a duration and dosage sufficient to treat a disease or condition for which a drug is prescribed.

As used herein, a “patient” refers to human subject that has an indication amendable to treatment with posaconazole and is also in need of treatment with a CYP3A4 substrate drug. For example, the patient, prior to being treated with or prescribed posaconazole, can simultaneously have a first indication amendable to treatment with posaconazole and a second indication amendable to treatment the CYP3A4 substrate drug. In some such embodiments, the patient is first treated with posaconazole, and then, after stopping the posaconazole regimen, the patient is switched to a treatment described herein for the CYP3A4 substrate drug. In other embodiments, the patient, while being treated with posaconazole, develops an indication amendable to treatment with a CYP3A4 substrate drug. In some such embodiments, after stopping the posaconazole regimen, the patient is switched to a treatment descried herein for the CYP3A4 substrate drug. As used herein, a “patient” does not include a subject that, at some point after stopping posaconazole treatment, subsequently develops an indication which is amendable to treatment with a CYP3A4 substrate drug.

As used herein, a “patient treated with posaconazole” or a “patient previously on posaconazole” refers to a patient having an indication which was amenable to treatment with posaconazole.

As used herein, the term “normal baseline C_(max)” refers to the average C_(max) of a drug measured at the same dosage in an otherwise identical patient which was not previously treated with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., posaconazole). For example, when the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, the “normal baseline C_(max)” of ranolazine refers to the average C_(max) of ranolazine measured at the same dosage of ranolazine in an otherwise identical patient which was not previously treated with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., posaconazole). As another example, when the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, the “normal baseline C_(max)” of lurasidone refers to the average C_(max) of lurasidone measured at the same dosage of lurasidone in an otherwise identical patient which was not previously treated with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., posaconazole). As another example, when the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, the “normal baseline C_(max)” of tadalafil refers to the average C_(max) of tadalafil measured at the same dosage of tadalafil in an otherwise identical patient which was not previously treated with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., posaconazole).

As used herein, the term “normal baseline AUC” refers to the average AUC of a drug measured at the same dosage in an otherwise identical patient which was not previously treated with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., posaconazole). For example, when the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, the “normal baseline AUC” of ranolazine refers to the average AUC of ranolazine measured at the same dosage of ranolazine in an otherwise identical patient which was not previously treated with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., posaconazole). As another example, when the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, the “normal baseline AUC” of lurasidone refers to the average AUC of lurasidone measured at the same dosage of lurasidone in an otherwise identical patient which was not previously treated with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., posaconazole). As another example, when the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, the “normal baseline AUC” of tadalafil refers to the average AUC of tadalafil measured at the same dosage of tadalafil in an otherwise identical patient which was not previously treated with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., posaconazole).

As used herein, “normal,” “reference,” or other derivations or variations thereof refers to a non-obese state in a person who can have at least one of the following characteristics: BMI less than about 35, % IBW less than about 150%, waist size less than about 42, % body fat less than about 40%, % android body fat less than about 40%, % gynoid body fat less than about 40%, and total body fat less than about 40 kg. Unless otherwise modified “normal metabolizer” also means an extensive CYP3A4 metabolizer.

As used herein, a “reference dose” refers to the dosage of a particular CYP3A4 substrate drug, as indicated on the manufacture's FDA-approved label, prescribed for an identical patient not previously treated with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., posaconazole).

Any reference to a CYP3A4 substrate drug herein also encompasses all of the pharmaceutically acceptable isomers (e.g., stereoisomers), solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, and prodrugs (e.g., esters and phosphates). For example, a reference to solifenacin herein also includes its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as a succinate salt. As another example, a reference to naloxegol herein also includes its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as an oxalate salt.

As used herein, “stereoisomer” is a general term used for all isomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. The term stereoisomer includes mirror image isomers (enantiomers), mixtures of mirror image isomers (racemates, racemic mixtures), geometric (cis/trans or E/Z) isomers, and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereoisomers). The CYP3A4 substrate drugs of the present invention may have asymmetric centers and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, individual diastereoisomers, or enantiomers, or may exist as geometric isomers, with all isomeric forms of said compounds being included in the present invention. Further, the CYP3A4 substrate drug may include any ratio for a mixture of stereoisomers, e.g., from about 1:99 to about 99:1 including all ratios and subranges in between, such as about 95:5, about 90:10, about 85:15, about 80:20, about 75:25, about 70:30, about 65:35, about 60:40, about 55:45, about 50:50, about 45:55, about 40:60, about 35:65, about 30:70, about 25:75, about 20:80, about 15:85, about 10:90, and about 95:5.

The present disclosure also encompasses combinations of the CYP3A4 substrate drugs described herein. Therefore, in accordance of any of the embodiments of the present disclosure, a patient may be treated with more than one CYP3A4 substrate drug, such as lurasidone and ranolazine.

Disclosed herein are methods of treating, or prescribing treatment for, a patient with a CYP3A4 substrate drug contraindicated for concomitant administration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, wherein the patient was previously treated with posaconazole, particularly when patients having one or more of the physiological characteristics described herein are subsequently treated with a CYP3A4 substrate drug. That is, the disclosure provides for methods of treating different patient populations—e.g., “normal” patients, obese patients, and/or intermediate or worse (e.g., poor) CYP3A4 metabolizers—with a CYP3A4 substrate drug contraindicated for concomitant administration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor after said patient has ceased posaconazole treatment. Methods of initiating treatment with a CYP3A4 substrate drug intended to treat various conditions or disorders in patients previously treated with posaconazole are also described herein. The present disclosure also provides methods of preventing or decreasing the risk of side effects associated with overexposure to a CYP3A4 substrate drug in normal patients, obese patients and/or patients with impaired CYP3A4 function (e.g., poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizers) and who had previously been treated with a posaconazole regimen prior to treating or prescribing a CYP3A4 substrate drug to said patient. (including those for treating conditions described herein).

In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for treating, or prescribing treatment for, a patient who had been treated with a therapeutically effective posaconazole regimen with a CYP3A4 substrate drug, after a “washout” period of about 2-21 days after ceasing administration of posaconazole. This washout period allows for the blood plasma concentrations of posaconazole to be reduced to appropriate levels after which a CYP3A4 substrate drug can be administered without creating an elevated risk of serious side effects from the CYP3A4 substrate drug. As described herein, the present Applicants have found that CYP3A4 substrate drugs can be safely administrated to a patient previously treated with posaconazole, by first treating, or prescribing a first treatment, with the CYP3A4 substrate drug (i.e., initiating the treatment with the CYP3A4 substrate drug) following a “washout” period of about 2-21 days starting at the time the patient has stopped posaconazole treatment. However, the need for such a washout period has been hitherto unknown, as such CYP3A4 substrate drugs are conventionally contraindicated for concomitant administration with posaconazole. As also described herein, in some embodiments the present Applicants have found that instead of a washout period, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can potentially be safely administrated to a patient previously treated with posaconazole, at a dose which is no more than about 50% of the reference dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for a period of about 2-21 days after ceasing the posaconazole treatment. Similarly, such a dosing regime has been hitherto unknown.

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is an enzyme that modifies small organic molecules, such as particular drugs (specifically including drugs referred to herein as “CYP3A4 substrate drugs”), so that the molecules are metabolized and eliminated from the body. Some substances, termed “CYP3A4 inhibitors,” reduce the activity of the CYP3A4 enzyme, and therefore these CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase the exposure of a patient to CYP3A4 substrate drugs. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors can deactivate CYP3A4 if administered in an appropriate dose, which can result in excessive and potentially dangerous blood plasma levels of a concomitantly administered CYP3A4 substrate drugs. Consequently, concomitant administration of CYP3A4 substrate drugs is contraindicated with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors.

As used herein, a “strong CYP3A4 inhibitor” refers to a drug deemed so by the FDA and/or which causes at least about a 5-fold increase in the AUC of a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate drug, or more than about an 80% decrease in the clearance of a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate drug. The methods disclosed herein can be applied to treat a patient with any CYP3A4 substrate drug which is contraindicated for concomitant administration with any strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, wherein the patient has been treated with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as posaconazole.

Co-administration of posaconazole and CYP3A4 substrate drugs known to prolong the QT_(c) interval are contraindicated. The presence of concomitant and clinically significant plasma levels of posaconazole and such CYP3A4 substrate drugs can result in significantly elevated levels of the CYP3A4 substrate drug, which creates a risk of prolonging QT. Consequences of prolonged QT include arrhythmias, rapid heartbeat, abnormal heart rhythm, heart palpitations, dizziness, lightheadedness, sudden fainting, seizure, torsades de pointes, and cardiac death.

For example, according to the drug label for posaconazole (NOXAFIL® label, revised November 2015), patients are advised not to co-administer specific CYP3A4 substrate drugs such as serolimus, pimozide, quinidine, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, ergot alkaloids, or drugs known to prolong the QT_(c) interval and cause cases of TdP, with posaconazole. The NOXAFIL® label also warns that dose adjustments should be considered for concomitant administration of posaconazole and other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 such as tacrolimus, cyclosporine, vinca alkaloids, and calcium channel blockers. However, the drug label of posaconazole does not recognize that any washout period or any stratification of the patient populations are required after ceasing administration of posaconazole and before initiating administration of a CYP3A4 substrate.

In some embodiments, the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is posaconazole (i.e., Noxafil, Posanol). Posaconazole is currently formulated as an oral suspension solution (40 mg/mL), and intravenous solution (18 mg/mL), and delayed release tablets (100 mg). According to the drug label (Merck & Co., Inc.,), current recommended dosing levels for prophylaxis of invasive Aspergillus and Candida infections by intraveneous injection or by delayed-release tablet are 300 mg twice a day on the first day and 300 mg once a day thereafter, or 200 mg three times a day by oral suspension. Current recommended dosing levels for treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis by oral suspension are 100 mg twice a day on the first day and 100 mg once a day for 13 days. Current recommended dosing levels for treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis refractory to itraconazole and/or fluconazole by oral suspension is 400 mg twice a day.

In some embodiments, posaconazole can be indicated for the treatment of fungal infections. In one embodiment, posaconazole can be indicated for the treatment of infections caused by Candida, e.g., oropharyngeal candidiasis. In one embodiment, posaconazole can be indicated for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis which is refractory to itraconazole and/or fluconazole. In one embodiment, posaconazole can be indicated for the treatment of infections caused by Aspergillus. In one embodiment, posaconazole can be indicated for the treatment of infections caused by Zygomycetes. In some embodiments, posaconazole can be indicated for the prophylaxis of Aspergillus or Candida infections, e.g., in immunocompromised patients at high risk of developing such infections, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or patients with hematologic malignancies with prolonged neutropenia from chemotherapy. In one embodiment, posaconazole can be indicated for the treatment of zygomycosis. In one embodiment, posaconazole can be indicated for the treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. In one embodiment, posaconazole can be indicated for the treatment or prophylaxis of recurrent candidiasis for the esophagus, secondary to HIV infections. In one embodiment, posaconazole can be indicated for the treatment of Fusarium infections mycosis. In one embodiment, posaconazole can be indicated for the treatment of and chronic or cavitary necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis.

As used herein, a “CYP3A4 substrate drug” refers to any drug which is primarily metabolized by the CYP3A4 enzyme which is administered in any pharmaceutically acceptable formulation (e.g. tablet, capsule, oral solution, injection, infusion, or delayed or extended release formulations thereof). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 drug is lurasidone (Latuda). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 is ranolazine (Ranexa). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include lumacaftor/ivacaftor (Orkambi). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include venetoclax (Venclexta). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include trabectedin (Yondelis). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include ribociclib succinate (Kisqali). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include deflazacort (Emflaza). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include cinacalcet hydrochloride (Sensipar). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include pimavanserin tartrate (Nuplazid). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include aripiprazole lauroxil (Aristada). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include cariprazine hydrochloride (Vraylar). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include simeprevir sodium (Olysio). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include everolimus (Afinitor, Afinitor Disperz, Zortress). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include saxagliptin hydrochloride (Onglyza). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include saxagliptin/metformin hydrochloride (Kombiglyze XR). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include ticagrelor (Brilinta). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include vilazodone hydrochloride (Viibryd). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include apixaban (Eliquis). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include tofacitinib citrate (Xeljanz). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include eletriptan hydrobromide (Relpax). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate (Tasigna). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include dronedarone hydrochloride (Multaq). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate (Advair Diskus). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include rivaroxaban (Xarelto). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include tadalafil (Cialis, Adcirca). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include colchicine (Colcrys). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include ibrutinib (Imbruvica). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include cobimetinib (Cotellis). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include cabazitaxel (Jevtana). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include tolvaptan (Samsca). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include fosaprepitant dimeglumine (Emend). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include aprepitant (Emend). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include solifenacin succinate (VESlcare). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include erlotinib hydrochloride (Tarceva). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include ado-trastuzumab ematansine (Kadcycla). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include bosutinib monohydrate (Bosulif). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include sunitinib malate (Sutent). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include fesoterodine fumarate (Toviaz). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include maraviroc (Selzentry). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include pazopanib hydrochloride (Votrient). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include aripiprazole (Abilify). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include axitinib (Inlyta). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include dapagliflozin/saxagliptin (Farxiga/Onglyza). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include cabozantinib S-malate (Cabometyx). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include ponatinib hydrochloride (Iclusig). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include isavuconazonium sulfate (Cresemba). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include lomitapide mesylate (Juxtapid). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include iloperidone (Fanapt). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include palbociclib (Ibrance). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include levomilnacipran hydrochloride (Fetzima). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include pimozide (Orap). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include pomalidomide (Pomalyst). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include abemaciclib (Verzenio). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include ivacaftor (Kalydeco). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include ruxolitinib phosphate (Jakafi). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include brexpiprazole (Rexulti). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include ivacaftor/tezacaftor (Symdeko). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include regorafenib (Stivarga). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include daclatasvir (Daklinza). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include crizotinib (Xalkori). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include naloxegol oxalate (Movantik). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include dabrafenib (Tafinlar). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include elbasvir and grazoprevir (Zepatier). In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drugs can include olaparib (Lynparza). Other non-limiting examples of CYP3A4 substrate drugs include HIV protease inhibitors, such as amprenavir (Agenerase), atazanavir (Reyataz), darunavir (Prezista), fosamprenavir (Lexiva, Telzir), indinavir (Crixivan), lopinavir (Kaletra), nelfinavir (Viracept), ritonavir (Norvir), saquinavir (Invirase, Forovase), and tipranavir (Aptivus), benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), and diazepam (Valium), calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine (Norvasc), aranidipine (Sapresta), azelnidipine (Calblock), barnidipine (HypoCa), benidipine (Coniel), cilnidipine (Atelec, Cinalong, Siscard), clevidipine (Cleviprex), isradipine (DynaCirc, Prescal), efonidipine (Landel), felodipine (Plendil), lacidipine (Motens, Lacipil), lercanidipine (Zanidip), manidipine (Calslot, Madipine), nicardipine (Cardene, Carden SR), nifedipine (Procardia, Adalat), nilvadipine (Nivadil), nimodipine (Nimotop), nisoldipine (Baymycard, Sular, Syscor), nitrendipine (Cardif, Nitrepin, Baylotensin), and pranidipine (Acalas), hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A-reductase inhibitors, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor, Ator), lovastatin (Mevacor, Altocor, Altoprev), mevastatin (Compactin) and simvastatin (Zocor, Lipex), antineoplastic drugs, such as sorafenib (Nexavar) and sunitinib (Sutent), nonsedating antihistamines, such as fexofenadine (Allegra), loratadine (Claritin), desloratadine (Clarinex), cetirizine (Zyrtec), levocetirizine (Xyza) and immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporin.

In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug used in the methods disclosed herein can be any drug metabolized by CYP3A4, in particular drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 and which are contraindicated for use with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or include dose adjustment recommendations for concomitant administration with CYP3A4 inhibitors. In some embodiments, the methods described herein can be applied to any therapeutic regimen in which one or more CYP3A4 substrate drug(s) described herein are used to treat a patient previously on posaconazole, including therapeutic regimens that entail treating a patient with a CYP3A4 substrate drug in combination with other drugs.

In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of disease or condition selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia in adults and adolescents (13 to 17 years), depressive episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder (bipolar depression) in adults, as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate, chronic angina, cystic fibrosis in patients 6 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene, chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients with 17p deletion, who have received at least one prior therapy, unresectable or metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma in patients who received a prior anthracycline-containing regimen, advanced or metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer, negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for postmenopausal women, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis, hypercalcemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma or in patients with primary HPT for who parathyroidectomy would be indicated on the basis of serum calcium levels, but who are unable to undergo parathyroidectomy, hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis, schizophrenia, acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection as a component of a combination antiviral treatment regimen with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin in HCV genotype 1 infected subjects with compensated liver disease, advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (advanced HR+ BC) in postmenopausal women in combination with exemestane after failure of treatment with letrozole or anastrozole, progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin (PNET), progressive, well-differentiated, non-functional neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of gastrointestinal (GI) or lung origin that are unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), e.g., after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), not requiring immediate surgery, TSC in patients who have subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) that require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for surgical resection, type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control, major depressive disorder (MDD), thrombotic cardiovascular events (e.g., cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients who have undergone hip or knee replacement surgery, DVT, PE, recurrent DVT and PE following initial therapy, moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis in patients who have had inadequate response or tolerance to methotrexate, acute migraine with or without aura, chronic phase and accelerated phase Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) in newly diagnosed patients or in patients resistant to or intolerant to prior therapy that included imatinib, atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with a history of paroxysmal or persistent AF or atrial flutter (AFK), who are in sinus rhythm or will be cardioverted, asthma in patients aged 4 years and older, airflow obstruction and reducing exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) to improve exercise ability, gout flares, Familial Mediterranean fever, antiretroviral therapy, anxiety disorders, panic disorders, seizures, insomnia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, cancer, such as primary kidney cancer, advanced primary liver cancer, radioactive iodine resistant advanced thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mantle cell lymphoma in patients who have received at least one prior therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with 17p deletion, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, marginal zone lymphoma who require systemic therapy and have received at least one prior anti-CD20-based therapy, unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation, allergies, transplantation, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, treatment of clinically significant hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia, including patients with heart failure and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC) including high-dose cisplatin, prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC), over-active bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (L858R) substitution mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test receiving first-line, maintenance, or second or greater line treatment after progression, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, in combination with gemcitabine, HER2-positive, metastatic breast cancer who previously received trastuzumab and a taxane, separately or in combination in patients who have either: received prior therapy for metastatic disease or developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing adjuvant therapy, chronic, accelerated, or blast phase Ph+ chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in adults with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after disease progression on or intolerance to imatinib mesylate, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), progressive, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease, CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection in patients 2 years of age and older weighing at least 10 kg in combination with other antiretroviral agents, advanced renal cell carcinoma, advanced soft tissue sarcoma who have received prior chemotherapy, manic and mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I, Major Depressive Disorder, irritability associated with Autistic Disorder, Tourette's disorder, agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar mania, advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of one prior systemic therapy, to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have inadequate control with dapagliflozin or who are already treated with dapagliflozin and saxagliptin, progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy, chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph+ ALL in adults for whom no other tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is indicated, T315I-positive CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase) or T315I-positive Philadelphia chromosome in adults, positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), invasive aspergillosis, invasive mucormycosis, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), schizophrenia in adults, hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine based therapy in postmenopausal women, or fulvestrant in women with disease progression following endocrine therapy, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), suppression of motor and phonic tics in patients with Tourette's Disorder who have failed to respond satisfactorily to standard treatment, and treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapyallergies, transplantation, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, treatment of clinically significant hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia, including patients with heart failure and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC) including high-dose cisplatin, prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC), over-active bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (L858R) substitution mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test receiving first-line, maintenance, or second or greater line treatment after progression, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, in combination with gemcitabine, HER2-positive, metastatic breast cancer who previously received trastuzumab and a taxane, separately or in combination in patients who have either: received prior therapy for metastatic disease or developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing adjuvant therapy, chronic, accelerated, or blast phase Ph+ chronic myelogenous leukemia (CIVIL) in adults with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after disease progression on or intolerance to imatinib mesylate, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), progressive, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease, CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection in patients 2 years of age and older weighing at least 10 kg in combination with other antiretroviral agents, advanced renal cell carcinoma, advanced soft tissue sarcoma who have received prior chemotherapy, manic and mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I, Major Depressive Disorder, irritability associated with Autistic Disorder, Tourette's disorder, agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar mania, advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of one prior systemic therapy, to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have inadequate control with dapagliflozin or who are already treated with dapagliflozin and saxagliptin, progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy, chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph+ ALL in adults for whom no other tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is indicated, T315I-positive CIVIL (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase) or T315I-positive Philadelphia chromosome in adults, positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), invasive aspergillosis, invasive mucormycosis, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), schizophrenia in adults, hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine based therapy in postmenopausal women, or fulvestrant in women with disease progression following endocrine therapy, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), suppression of motor and phonic tics in patients with Tourette's Disorder who have failed to respond satisfactorily to standard treatment, treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease has not progressed after four cycles of platinum-based first-line chemotherapy, locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis (TS) who require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for curative surgical resection, renal angiomyolipoma, tuberous sclerosis complex, hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy in women in combination with fulvestrant, as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with HRpositive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy and prior chemotherapy in the metastatic setting, cystic fibrosis (CF) in patients age 2 years and older who have one mutation in the CFTR gene that is responsive to ivacaftor based on clinical and/or in vitro assay data, deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adult patients who have been treated with three or more prior lines of chemotherapy, intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera patients who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea, as an adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, cystic fibrosis (CF) patients aged 12 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation or who have at least one mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is responsive to tezacaftor/ivacaftor based on in vitro data and/or clinical evidence, metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an antiVEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients who have been previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have been previously treated with sorafenib, chronic HCV genotype 1 or 3 infection with sofosbuvir and with or without ribavirin, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ROS1-positive as detected by an FDA-approved test, opioid induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g., weekly) opioid dosage escalation, unresectable or metastatic melanoma in patients with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, in combination with trametinib, unresectable or metastatic melanoma in patients with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test, adjuvant treatment of patients with melanoma in patients BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, and involvement of lymph node(s), following complete resection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, locally advanced or metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) in patients with BRAF V600E mutation and with no satisfactory locoregional treatment options, and with or without ribavirin for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.

In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults and adolescents (13 to 17 years), depressive episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder (bipolar depression) in adults, as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of chronic angina.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, e.g., in patients 6 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, e.g., in patients with 17p deletion, who have received at least one prior therapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma, e.g., in patients who received a prior anthracycline-containing regimen.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of advanced or metastatic breast cancer, e.g., in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer. In a further embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for a treatment of negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women e.g., in combination with an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine-based therapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), e.g., in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of hypercalcemia, e.g., in patients with parathyroid carcinoma. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of hypercalcemia, e.g., in patients with primary HPT for who parathyroidectomy would be indicated on the basis of serum calcium levels, but who are unable to undergo parathyroidectomy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection, e. g., as a component of a combination antiviral treatment regimen with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin in HCV genotype 1 infected subjects with compensated liver disease.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (advanced HR+ BC), e.g., in combination with exemestane after failure of treatment with letrozole or anastrozole. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of patients with progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin (PNET). In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of patients with progressive, well-differentiated, non-functional neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of gastrointestinal (GI) or lung origin that are unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), e.g., after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of patients with renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), not requiring immediate surgery. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of patients with TSC who have subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) that require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for surgical resection.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, e.g., as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated to reduce the rate of thrombotic cardiovascular events (e.g., cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE), e.g., in patients who have undergone hip or knee replacement surgery. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of DVT or PE. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated to reduce the risk of recurrent DVT and PE following initial therapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis, e.g., in patients who have had inadequate response or tolerance to methotrexate.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of chronic phase and accelerated phase Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CIVIL), e.g., in newly diagnosed patients or in patients resistant to or intolerant to prior therapy that included imatinib.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated to reduce the risk of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation (AF), e.g., in patients with a history of paroxysmal or persistent AF or atrial flutter (AFK), who are in sinus rhythm or will be cardioverted.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for maintenance treatment of asthma, e.g., in patients aged 4 years and older. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction and reducing exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) to improve exercise ability.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of gout flares. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of Familial Mediterranean fever.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for mantle cell lymphoma in patients who have received at least one prior therapy. In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with 17p deletion.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for marginal zone lymphoma who require systemic therapy and have received at least one prior anti-CD20-based therapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for treatment of clinically significant hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia; including patients with heart failure and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH).

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC) including high-dose cisplatin.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC).

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for treatment of over-active bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (L858R) substitution mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test receiving first-line, maintenance, or second or greater line treatment after progression.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the first-line treatment of patients with locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, in combination with gemcitabine.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive, metastatic breast cancer who previously received trastuzumab and a taxane, separately or in combination in patients who have either: received prior therapy for metastatic disease or developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing adjuvant therapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of adult patients with chronic, accelerated, or blast phase Ph+ chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after disease progression on or intolerance to imatinib mesylate.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC); progressive, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of only CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection in patients 2 years of age and older weighing at least 10 kg in combination with other antiretroviral agents.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma who have received prior chemotherapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the acute treatment of manic and mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the adjunctive treatment of Major Depressive Disorder.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of irritability associated with Autistic Disorder.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of Tourette's disorder.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar mania.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of one prior systemic therapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have inadequate control with dapagliflozin or who are already treated with dapagliflozin and saxagliptin.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of patients with progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC).

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of adult patients with chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CIVIL) or Ph+ ALL for whom no other tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is indicated.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of adult patients with T315I-positive CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase) or T315I-positive Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL).

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of invasive mucormycosis; to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH).

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of hormone receptor (HR)-positive; human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine based therapy in postmenopausal women, or fulvestrant in women with disease progression following endocrine therapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the suppression of motor and phonic tics in patients with Tourette's Disorder who have failed to respond satisfactorily to standard treatment.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease has not progressed after four cycles of platinum-based first-line chemotherapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate can be indicated for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) who require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for curative surgical resection.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy in women in combination with fulvestrant.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be used as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with HRpositive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy and prior chemotherapy in the metastatic setting.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) in patients age 2 years and older who have one mutation in the CFTR gene that is responsive to ivacaftor based on clinical and/or in vitro assay data.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adult patients who have been treated with three or more prior lines of chemotherapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of polycythemia vera patients who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated as an adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients aged 12 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation or who have at least one mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is responsive to tezacaftor/ivacaftor based on in vitro data and/or clinical evidence.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an antiVEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients who have been previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients who have been previously treated with sorafenib.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the use with sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin, for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 or 3 infection.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ROS1-positive as detected by an FDA-approved test.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of opioid induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g., weekly) opioid dosage escalation.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated in combination with trametinib, for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated in combination with trametinib, for the treatment of patients with melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, and involvement of lymph node(s), following complete resection.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated in combination with trametinib, for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated in combination with trametinib, for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) with BRAF V600E mutation and with no satisfactory locoregional treatment options.

In one embodiment, the CYP3A4 substrate drug can be indicated with or without ribavirin for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.

Other non-limiting examples of conditions or diseases for which CYP3A4 substrate drugs are prescribed include antiretroviral therapy, e.g., for the treatment of HIV/AIDS, anxiety disorders, panic disorders, seizures, insomnia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (e.g., myocardial infarction, stroke, and angina), hyperlipidemia, cancer, such as primary kidney cancer, advanced primary liver cancer, radioactive iodine resistant advanced thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor, allergies, and transplantation.

As discussed above, after stopping treatment with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (including but not limited to posaconazole), posaconazole accumulates in the body of patients, and reduces or prevents metabolism of CYP3A4 substrate drugs. Thus, patients previously on posaconazole that are concomitantly treated with CYP3A4 substrate drugs may have plasma levels of the CYP3A4 substrate drug that exceed the plasma levels of an otherwise identical patient that was not previously treated with posaconazole. Described herein, in various embodiments, are treatment regimens for CYP3A4 substrate drugs which are applicable to patients who previously received multiple doses of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., posaconazole) for a period of about 2-21 days after stopping treatment with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the treatment regimen provides for treating or prescribing a dose which is less than about 50% of the reference dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for a period of about 2-21 days after stopping posaconazole treatment. As used herein, a dose that is less than 50% of the reference dose of the CYP3A4 inhibitor can include any amount from 0% (i.e., no dose) to about 50% of the CYP3A4 inhibitor for the period of 2-21 days. Therefore, the treatment regimen disclosed herein can include, in some embodiments, delaying a first dose of a CYP3A4 substrate drug for about 2-21 days after stopping posaconazole treatment, or alternatively, treating with a reduced dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for about 2-21 days after stopping posaconazole treatment. The methods described herein can be applied to any patient that was previously on posaconazole and having an indication amenable to treatment with a CYP3A4 substrate drug, including normal patients (non-obese and normal metabolizers), obese patients, and poor or intermediate metabolizers, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, between about 2 and about 42 days, e.g., about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12 days, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21 days, about 22 days, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31 days, about 32 days, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41 days, or about 42 days inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, should elapse between discontinuation of posaconazole (i.e., the last dose in a posaconazole regimen) and initiation of treatment with a CYP3A4 substrate drug (i.e., the first dose in a CYP3A4 regimen of any of the CYP3A4 substrate drugs described herein). In some embodiments, the patient is a “normal” patient (i.e., a patient with “normal” CYP3A4 enzyme function, often termed an “extensive metabolizer” in the art; and having a normal weight—e.g., a BMI in the range of about 18.5-24.9), and in other embodiments the patient has one of the physiological characteristics described herein, e.g., is considered obese and/or has a level of CYP3A4 enzyme activity termed in the art as poor or intermediate.

This “delay” or waiting period between ceasing or stopping the treatment of posaconazole and initiating treatment with a CYP3A4 substrate drug can equivalently be characterized as the time that elapses between stopping treatment of posaconazole and treating with the first dose of CYP3A4 substrate drug. The skilled artisan will recognize that additional doses of the CYP3A4 substrate drug are typically administered or prescribed subsequently, but the “delay” or “washout” period as described herein is the time that elapses between stopping treatment of posaconazole and the first dose that initiates treatment with a CYP3A4 substrate drug.

In alternative embodiments, rather than delaying the treatment of the CYP3A4 substrate drug, after stopping treatment of posaconazole the CYP3A4 substrate drug is treated or prescribed at a dose which is no more than about 50% of a reference dose (the dose recommended for the patient on the FDA-approved label for the CYP3A4 substrate drug), including e.g., no more than about 50%, no more than about 49%, no more than about 48%, no more than about 47%, no more than about 46%, no more than about 45%, no more than about 44%, no more than about 43%, no more than about 42%, no more than about 41%, no more than about 40%, no more than about 39%, no more than about 38%, no more than about 37%, no more than about 36%, no more than about 35%, no more than about 34%, no more than about 33%, no more than about 32%, no more than about 31%, no more than about 30%, no more than about 29%, no more than about 28%, no more than about 27%, no more than about 26%, no more than about 25%, no more than about 24%, no more than about 23%, no more than about 22%, no more than about 21%, no more than about 20%, no more than about 19%, no more than about 18%, no more than about 17%, no more than about 16%, no more than about 15%, no more than about 14%, no more than about 13%, no more than about 12%, no more than about 11%, or no more than about 10% of the reference dose, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, e.g., for about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12 days, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21 days, about 22 days, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31 days, about 32 days, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41 days, or about 42 days, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween.

In other alternative embodiments, depending on the CYP3A4 substrate drug, the patient can be treated with or prescribed a CYP3A4 substrate drug at a dose which is less than 100% of a reference dose (the dose recommended for the patient on the FDA-approved label for the CYP3A4 substrate drug), including e.g., about 95%, about 90%, about 85%, about 80%, about 75%, about 70%, about 65%, about 60%, about 55%, or about 50% of the reference dose, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, for at least about 2-42 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole treatment, e.g., for about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12 days, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21 days, about 22 days, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31 days, about 32 days, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41 days, or about 42 days inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween.

In addition to providing methods of treating or prescribing treatment for “normal” patients (e.g., non-obese and normal CYP3A4 metabolizers), the present disclosure also provides methods for treating, or prescribing treatment for, patients with at least one of the physiological characteristics described herein, who had been treated with multiple doses of posaconazole, with a CYP3A4 substrate drug. The treatment with the CYP3A4 substrate drug is initiated or prescribed to be initiated (or the first dosing begins after stopping treatment with posaconazole) after a delay time as described herein, or is treated or prescribed at a reduced dose (e.g., any amount less than 100% of a reference dose, including but not limited to about ⅓, about ½, about ⅔, etc. of a reference dose) for a time period after treatment with posaconazole is stopped as described herein. The physiological characteristics of such patients include reduced hepatic enzyme function, specifically reduced CYP3A4 enzyme function (such patients are characterized in the art as intermediate or poor CYP3A4 metabolizers), and/or a weight or body fat status variously characterized as described herein. In some embodiments, the patients can have various characteristics of body fat status. The term “body fat status,” “body fat characteristics,” “obese status,” “obese characteristics,” or other derivations or variations thereof refer to at least seven characteristics (BMI, % IBW, waist size, % body fat, % android fat, % gynoid fat, and total body fat) as described herein. In some embodiments, the body fat status may be referred to as obesity, and the patients may be referred to as obese, or obese patients.

As described herein, the present Applicants have found that certain classes of patients, i.e., patients having the particular physiological characteristics described herein such as body fat and weight status and/or hepatic metabolizing enzyme status, after stopping treatment with posaconazole, may have substantially higher plasma levels of posaconazole, and/or exhibit substantially longer elimination half-lives (t_(1/2)) of posaconazole than previously known or contemplated, e.g., in the NOXAFIL® label, and therefore require either a delay as described herein after stopping posaconazole treatment, before treating, or prescribing a first treatment to begin, with a CYP3A4 substrate drug, or a dose adjustment (reduction) of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for a time period after stopping posaconazole treatment, as described herein. In some embodiments, the duration of the delay period or dose adjustment period, or the degree of dose adjustment is greater than the corresponding delay or dose reduction period/amount compared to those considered to be “normal” patients. These classes of patients which exhibit substantially higher plasma levels of posaconazole, and/or exhibit substantially longer elimination half-lives (t_(1/2)) of posaconazole compared to the expected level (e.g., as embodied in the recommendations of the NOXAFIL® label), or who require a longer delay time, dose adjustment time, or dose adjustment level include obese patients who exhibit one or more of e.g., a BMI of at least about 35, % IBW of at least about 150%, waist size greater than about 42 inches, % body fat greater than about 40%, % android body fat greater than about 40%, % gynoid body fat greater than about 40%, total body fat greater than about 40 kg, optionally in combination with impaired hepatic function, e.g., intermediate or poor CYP3A4 metabolizers. Alternatively, patients who are not obese (e.g., have any of the various measures of body fat status described herein which are not considered as indicative of obesity, such as a BMI less than about 35, % IBW of less than about 150%, waist size less than about 42 inches, % body fat less than about 40%, % android body fat less than about 40%, % gynoid body fat less than about 40%, or total body fat less than about 40 kg) but have impaired hepatic metabolic function, e.g., are considered intermediate or poor CYP3A4 metabolizers, have also been found by the present Applicants to have substantially higher steady state plasma levels of posaconazole, and/or exhibit a substantially longer elimination half-lives (t_(1/2)) of posaconazole compared to those expected in “normal” patients—i.e., patients who do not exhibit the specific physiological characteristics described herein—or as embodied in the recommendations of the NOXAFIL® label may also require an extended washout period (as described herein) after stopping administration of posaconazole before beginning treatment with a CYP3A4 substrate drug. Alternatively, such patients may require an extended period (as described herein) after stopping administration of posaconazole before beginning treatment with a reduced dose (as described herein) relative to the reference dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug in order to minimize or avoid adverse effects such as QTc prolongation or other side effects of the CYP3A4 substrate drug than has hitherto been recognized in the art. Conventionally, no such distinction between patients having such physiological characteristics has been recognized as requiring increased “washout” periods between dosing with posaconazole and a CYP3A4 substrate drug, or as requiring time periods during which a patient is treated, or prescribed to be treated, with a reduced reference dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug after stopping administration of posaconazole, as the effects of such physiological characteristics on steady state plasma levels of posaconazole and/or elimination half-life was not previously known.

Posaconazole can be metabolized primarily through oxidation via Cytochrome P450 isozymes, in particular CYP3A4. Studies indicate that other CYP isozymes, such as A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6 and 2E1, are not involved in the metabolism of posaconazole. Each individual may have different activity levels of the P450 isozymes that metabolize posaconazole. Categorizations of metabolizers may include, but are not limited to, allelic heterogeneity in the P540 isozymes gene. For instance, the CYP3A4 gene can have allelic heterogeneity and expression of CYP3A4*22 allele can be used to classify individuals as reduced-expressers of CYP3A4 (i.e., individuals possessing one CYP3A4*22 allele), and normal-expressers of CYP3A4 (i.e., individuals not possessing any CYP3A4*22 allele).

In some embodiments, the class of patients treated by the methods of the present disclosure have a body mass index (BMI; expressed in units of kg/m² unless otherwise specified) of less than about 25, e.g., about 24.5, about 24, about 23.5, about 23, about 22.5, about 22, about 21.5, about 21, about 20.5, about 20, about 19.5, about 19, or about 18.5 or less, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween.

In some embodiments, the class of patients treated by the methods of the present disclosure have a body mass index (BMI; expressed in units of kg/m² unless otherwise specified) of at least about 25, at least about 26, at least about 27, at least about 28, at least about 29, at least about 30, at least about 31, at least about 32, at least about 33, at least about 34, at least about 35, at least about 36, at least about 37, at least about 38, at least about 39, at least about 40, at least about 41, at least about 42, at least about 43, at least about 44, at least about 45, at least about 46, at least about 47, at least about 48, at least about 49, at least about 50, at least about 51, at least about 52, at least about 53, at least about 54, at least about 55, at least about 56, at least about 57, at least about 58, at least about 59, at least about 60, at least about 61, at least about 62, at least about 63, at least about 64, at least about 65, at least about 66, at least about 67, at least about 68, at least about 69, at least about 70, at least about 71, at least about 72, at least about 73, at least about 74, at least about 75, at least about 76, at least about 77, at least about 78, at least about 79, at least about 80, at least about 81, at least about 82, at least about 83, at least about 84, at least about 85, at least about 86, at least about 87, at least about 88, at least about 89, at least about 90, at least about 91, at least about 92, at least about 93, at least about 94, at least about 95, at least about 96, at least about 97, at least about 98, at least about 99, at least about 100, at least about 101, at least about 102, at least about 103, at least about 104, at least about 105, at least about 106, at least about 107, at least about 108, at least about 109, at least about 110, at least about 111, at least about 112, at least about 113, at least about 114, at least about 115, at least about 116, at least about 117, at least about 118, at least about 119, at least about 120, at least about 121, at least about 122, at least about 123, at least about 124, at least about 125, at least about 126, at least about 127, at least about 128, at least about 129, at least about 130, at least about 131, at least about 132, at least about 133, at least about 134, at least about 135, at least about 136, at least about 137, at least about 138, at least about 139, at least about 140, at least about 141, at least about 142, at least about 143, at least about 144, at least about 145, at least about 146, at least about 147, at least about 148, at least about 149, at least about 150, at least about 151, at least about 152, at least about 153, at least about 154, at least about 155, at least about 156, at least about 157, at least about 158, at least about 159, at least about 160, at least about 161, at least about 162, at least about 163, at least about 164, at least about 165, at least about 166, at least about 167, at least about 168, at least about 169, at least about 170, at least about 171, at least about 172, at least about 173, at least about 174, at least about 175, at least about 176, at least about 177, at least about 178, at least about 179, at least about 180, at least about 181, at least about 182, at least about 183, at least about 184, at least about 185, at least about 186, at least about 187, at least about 188, at least about 189, at least about 190, at least about 191, at least about 192, at least about 193, at least about 194, at least about 195, at least about 195, at least about 196, at least about 197, at least about 198, at least about 199, at least about 200, at least about 201, at least about 202, at least about 203, at least about 204, at least about 205, at least about 206, at least about 207, at least about 208, at least about 209, or at least about 210, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and any BMI described herein. In one embodiment, the patient has a body mass index (BMI) of at least about 35. In another embodiment, the patient has a body mass index (BMI) of at least about 40. In another embodiment, the patient has a body mass index (BMI) of at least 50.

In some embodiments, a patient treated according to the methods of the present invention has a BMI of at least about 25 to at least about 29.9, at least about 25.5 to at least about 29, at least about 26 to at least about 28.5, at least about 26.5 to at least about 28, or at least about 27 to at least about 27.5, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and can be termed overweight or pre-obese. In some embodiments, a patient with a BMI of at least about 30 to at least about 34.9, at least about 30.5 to at least about 34, at least about 31 to at least about 33.5, at least about 31.5 to at least about 33, or at least about 32 to at least about 32.5, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween can be considered obese. In some embodiments, a patient with a BMI of at least about 35 to at least about 39.9, at least about 35.5 to at least about 39, at least about 36 to at least about 38.5, at least about 36.5 to at least about 38, or at least about 37 to at least about 37.5, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and any BMI described herein, can be considered obese. In other embodiments, a patient treated by the methods of the present disclosure has a BMI of at least about 35 or more, 40 or more, 50 or more, 60 or more, 70 or more, 80 or more, 90 or more, 100 or more, 110 or more, 120 or more, 130 or more, 140 or more, 150 or more, 160 or more, 170 or more, 180 or more, 190 or more, 200 or more, or 210 or more, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween.

In some embodiments, the patient treated according to the methods of the present disclosure is a child or an adolescent with a BMI of at least about the 85^(th) percentile to at least about 95^(th) percentile, at least about the 86^(th) percentile to at least about 94^(th) percentile, at least about the 87^(th) percentile to at least about 93^(th) percentile, at least about the 88^(th) percentile to at least about 92^(th) percentile, at least about the 89^(th) percentile to at least about 90^(th) percentile, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, can be considered overweight or pre-obese. In some embodiments, the patient is a patient with a BMI of at least about the 95^(th) percentile, at least about 96^(th) percentile, at least about the 97^(th) percentile, at least about 98^(th) percentile, at least about 99^(th) percentile, or at least about 100^(th) percentile, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and any BMI percentile described herein, and can be considered obese. In one embodiment, the patient is about 5 to about 19 years old or about 7 to about 18 years old.

In some embodiments, the patient treated according to the methods of the present disclosure is a female patient in the first trimester through third trimester of a pregnancy and has a BMI of at least 25 to at least about 29.9, at least about 25.5 to at least about 29, at least about 26 to at least about 28.5, at least about 26.5 to at least about 28, or at least about 27 to at least about 27.5, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and can be considered overweight or pre-obese. In some embodiments, the patient is a female patient in the first trimester through third trimester of a pregnancy and has a BMI of at least about 30 to at least about 34.9, at least about 30.5 to at least about 34, at least about 31 to at least about 33.5, at least about 31.5 to at least about 33, or at least about 32 to at least about 32.5, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and can be considered obese. In some embodiments, the patent treated according to the methods of the present invention is a female patient in the first trimester through third trimester of a pregnancy and has a BMI of at least about 35 to at least about 39.9, at least about 35.5 to at least about 39, at least about 36 to at least about 38.5, at least about 36.5 to at least about 38, at least about 37 to at least about 37.5, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and can be considered severely obese.

In some embodiments, methods of calculating BMI may include, but are not limited to body weight in kilogram/(height in meters), body weight in pounds/(height in inches)]×703, and the like.

In some embodiments, the patient treated according to the methods of the present disclosure can alternatively be described as having a % ideal body weight (% IBW) of at least about 110%, at least about 111%, at least about 112%, at least about 113%, at least about 114%, at least about 115%, at least about 116%, at least about 117%, at least about 118%, at least about 119%, at least about 120%, at least about 121%, at least about 122%, at least about 123%, at least about 124%, at least about 125%, at least about 126%, at least about 127%, at least about 128%, at least about 129%, at least about 130%, at least about 131%, at least about 132%, at least about 133%, at least about 134%, at least about 135%, at least about 136%, at least about 137%, at least about 138%, at least about 139%, at least about 140%, at least about 141%, at least about 142%, at least about 143%, at least about 144%, at least about 145%, at least about 146%, at least about 147%, at least about 148%, at least about 149%, at least about 150%, at least about 151%, at least about 152%, at least about 153%, at least about 154%, at least about 155%, at least about 156%, at least about 157%, at least about 158%, at least about 159%, at least about 160%, at least about 161%, at least about 162%, at least about 163%, at least about 164%, at least about 165%, at least about 166%, at least about 167%, at least about 168%, at least about 169%, at least about 170%, at least about 171%, at least about 172%, at least about 173%, at least about 174%, at least about 175%, at least about 176%, at least about 177%, at least about 178%, at least about 179%, at least about 180%, at least about 181%, at least about 182%, at least about 183%, at least about 184%, at least about 185%, at least about 186%, at least about 187%, at least about 188%, at least about 189%, at least about 190%, at least about 191%, at least about 192%, at least about 193%, at least about 194%, at least about 195%, at least about 196%, at least about 197%, at least about 198%, at least about 199%, at least about 200%, at least about 201%, at least about 202%, at least about 203%, at least about 204%, at least about 205%, at least about 206%, at least about 207%, at least about 208%, at least about 209%, at least about 210%, at least about 211%, at least about 212%, at least about 213%, at least about 214%, at least about 215%, at least about 216%, at least about 217%, at least about 218%, at least about 219%, at least about 220%, at least about 221%, at least about 222%, at least about 223%, at least about 224%, at least about 225%, at least about 226%, at least about 227%, at least about 228%, at least about 229%, at least about 230%, at least about 231%, at least about 232%, at least about 233%, at least about 234%, at least about 235%, at least about 236%, at least about 237%, at least about 238%, at least about 239%, at least about 240%, at least about 241%, at least about 242%, at least about 243%, at least about 244%, at least about 245%, at least about 246%, at least about 247%, at least about 248%, at least about 249%, at least about 250%, at least about 251%, at least about 252%, at least about 253%, at least about 254%, at least about 255%, at least about 256%, at least about 257%, at least about 258%, at least about 259%, at least about 260%, at least about 261%, at least about 262%, at least about 263%, at least about 264%, at least about 265%, at least about 266%, at least about 267%, at least about 268%, at least about 269%, at least about 270%, at least about 271%, at least about 272%, at least about 273%, at least about 274%, at least about 275%, at least about 276%, at least about 277%, at least about 278%, at least about 279%, or at least about 280%, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and any % ideal body weight described herein. In one embodiment, the patient has % ideal body weight (IBW) of at least about 150%. In one embodiment, the patient has % ideal body weight (IBW) of at least about 250%. In other embodiments, the patient has % IBW of at least 150% and can be considered obese.

In some embodiments, the patient treated according to the present disclosure can alternatively be described as having a waist size or waist circumference greater than about 32, greater than about 33, greater than about 34, greater than about 35 inches, greater than about 36, greater than about 37, greater than about 38, greater than about 39, greater than about 40, greater than about 41, greater than about 42, greater than about 43, greater than about 44, greater than about 45, greater than about 46, greater than about 47, greater than about 48, greater than about 49, greater than about 50, greater than about 51, greater than about 52, greater than about 53, greater than about 54, greater than about 55, greater than about 56, greater than about 57, greater than about 58, greater than about 59, greater than about 60 inches, greater than about 61 inches, greater than about 62 inches, greater than about 63 inches, greater than about 64 inches, greater than about 65 inches, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and any waist size or circumference described herein. In one embodiment, a patient having a waist size or waist circumference of about 42 inches can be considered obese. In another embodiment, the patient has waist size or waist circumference greater than about 48 inches. In other embodiment, the patient has waist or waist circumference of at least 42 inches.

In some embodiments, the patient treated according to the methods of the present disclosure can alternatively be described as having a % body fat greater than about 20%, greater than about 21%, greater than about 22%, greater than about 23%, greater than about 24%, greater than about 25%, greater than about 26%, greater than about 27%, greater than about 28%, greater than about 29%, greater than about 30%, greater than about 31%, greater than about 32%, greater than about 33%, greater than about 34%, greater than about 35%, greater than about 36%, greater than about 37%, greater than about 38%, greater than about 39%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 41%, greater than about 42%, greater than about 43%, greater than about 44%, greater than about 45%, greater than about 46%, greater than about 47%, greater than about 48%, greater than about 49%, or greater than about 50%, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and any % body fat described herein. In one embodiment, the patient has a % body fat greater than about 40%. In one embodiment, the patient has a % body fat of at least about 50%. In another embodiment, a patient having a % body fat greater than about 40% can be considered obese. In some embodiments, methods of calculating % body fat can include, but are not limited to total body fat expressed as a percentage of total body weight. Other standards for obesity can be used. For example, the American Council on Exercise suggests that an “average” percentage of body fat for women is about 25-31%, and for men, about 18-24%, and for obese women, about 32% and higher, and obese men, about 25% and higher.

In other embodiments, the patient can alternatively be described as having a android body fat greater than about 30%, greater than about 31%, greater than about 32%, greater than about 33%, greater than about 34%, greater than about 35%, greater than about 36%, greater than about 37%, greater than about 38%, greater than about 39%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 41%, greater than about 42%, greater than about 43%, greater than about 44%, greater than about 45%, greater than about 46%, greater than about 47%, greater than about 48%, greater than about 49%, greater than about 50%, greater than about 51%, greater than about 52%, greater than about 53%, greater than about 54%, greater than about 55%, greater than about 56%, greater than about 57%, greater than about 58%, greater than about 59%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 61%, greater than about 62%, greater than about 63%, greater than about 64%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 66%, greater than about 67%, greater than about 68%, greater than about 69%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 71%, greater than about 72%, greater than about 73%, greater than about 74%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 76%, greater than about 77%, greater than about 78%, greater than about 79%, or greater than about 80%, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and any % android body fat described herein. In one embodiment, a patient having a % android body fat greater than about 40% can be considered obese. In one embodiment, a patient having a % android body fat greater than about 50% can be considered obese

In other embodiments, the patient can alternatively be described as having a % android body fat of at least about 30%, at least about 31%, at least about 32%, at least about 33%, at least about 34%, at least about 35%, at least about 36%, at least about 37%, at least about 38%, at least about 39%, at least about 40%, at least about 41%, at least about 42%, at least about 43%, at least about 44%, at least about 45%, at least about 46%, at least about 47%, at least about 48%, at least about 49%, at least about 50%, at least about 51%, at least about 52%, at least about 53%, at least about 54%, at least about 55%, at least about 56%, at least about 57%, at least about 58%, at least about 59%, at least about 60%, at least about 61%, at least about 62%, at least about 63%, at least about 64%, at least about 65%, at least about 66%, at least about 67%, at least about 68%, at least about 69%, at least about 70%, at least about 71%, at least about 72%, at least about 73%, at least about 74%, at least about 75%, at least about 76%, at least about 77%, at least about 78%, at least about 79%, or at least about 80%, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and % android body fat described herein. In one embodiment, the patient has % android body fat of at least about 50%.

In other embodiments, the patient can alternatively be described as having a gynoid body fat greater than about 30%, greater than about 31%, greater than about 32%, greater than about 33%, greater than about 34%, greater than about 35%, greater than about 36%, greater than about 37%, greater than about 38%, greater than about 39%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 41%, greater than about 42%, greater than about 43%, greater than about 44%, greater than about 45%, greater than about 46%, greater than about 47%, greater than about 48%, greater than about 49%, greater than about 50%, greater than about 51%, greater than about 52%, greater than about 53%, greater than about 54%, greater than about 55%, greater than about 56%, greater than about 57%, greater than about 58%, greater than about 59%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 61%, greater than about 62%, greater than about 63%, greater than about 64%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 66%, greater than about 67%, greater than about 68%, greater than about 69%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 71%, greater than about 72%, greater than about 73%, greater than about 74%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 76%, greater than about 77%, greater than about 78%, greater than about 79%, or greater than about 80%, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and any % gynoid body fat described herein. In one embodiment, a patient having a % gynoid body fat greater than about 40% can be considered obese. In one embodiment, a patient having a % gynoid body fat greater than about 50% can be considered obese.

In other embodiments, the patient can alternatively be described as having a total body fat content greater than about 30 kg, greater than about 31 kg, greater than about 32 kg, greater than about 33 kg, greater than about 34 kg, greater than about 35 kg, greater than about 36 kg, greater than about 37 kg, greater than about 38 kg, greater than about 39 kg, greater than about 40 kg, greater than about 41 kg, greater than about 42 kg, greater than about 43 kg, greater than about 44 kg, greater than about 45 kg, greater than about 46 kg, greater than about 47 kg, greater than about 48 kg, greater than about 49 kg, greater than about 50 kg, greater than about 51 kg, greater than about 52 kg, greater than about 53 kg, greater than about 54 kg, greater than about 55 kg, greater than about 56 kg, greater than about 57 kg, greater than about 58 kg, greater than about 59 kg, greater than about 60 kg, greater than about 61 kg, greater than about 62 kg, greater than about 63 kg, greater than about 64 kg, greater than about 65 kg, greater than about 66 kg, greater than about 67 kg, greater than about 68 kg, greater than about 69 kg, greater than about 70 kg, greater than about 71 kg, greater than about 72 kg, greater than about 73 kg, greater than about 74 kg, greater than about 75 kg, greater than about 76 kg, greater than about 77 kg, greater than about 78 kg, greater than about 79 kg, greater than about 80 kg, greater than about 81 kg, greater than about 82 kg, greater than about 83 kg, greater than about 84 kg, greater than about 85 kg, greater than about 86 kg, greater than about 87 kg, greater than about 88 kg, greater than about 89 kg, greater than about 90 kg, greater than about 91 kg, greater than about 92 kg, greater than about 93 kg, greater than about 94 kg, greater than about 95 kg, greater than about 96 kg, greater than about 97 kg, greater than about 98 kg, greater than about 99 kg, greater than about 100 kg, at least 101 kg, at least 102 kg, at least 103 kg, at least 104 kg, at least 105 kg, at least 106 kg, at least 107 kg, at least 108 kg, at least 109 kg, or at least 110 kg, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween, and any total body fat described herein. In one embodiment, a patient having total body fat greater than about 40 kg can be considered obese. In one embodiment, a patient having total body fat greater than about 50 kg can be considered obese.

In other embodiments, the obesity status of patients treated with the methods of the present disclosure can be measured by waist-to-hip ratio. In other embodiments, the obesity status of patients can be measured by skinfold thickness. In other embodiments, the obesity status of patients can be measured by bioelectric impedance. In other embodiments, the obesity status of patients can be measured by underwater weighing or densitometry. In other embodiments, the obesity status of patients can be measured by air-displacement plethysmography. In other embodiments, the obesity status of patients can be measured by dilution method or hydrometry. In other embodiments, the obesity status of patients can be measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. In other embodiments, the obesity status of patients can be measured by computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In some embodiments, the obesity status can be defined by, but is not limited to adopting the clinical standards, conventional standards, and/or the standards published by the World Health Organization and Center of Disease Control (both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes) when using the methods described herein. For example, the WHO defines an obese person as a person with a BMI of 30 or more, an overweight person is one with a BMI equal to or more than 25 (to less than 30). Similarly, the CDC defines normal as a BMI of 18.5 to less than 25, 25.0 to less than 30 as overweight, and 30.0 or higher as obese. The CDC further subdivides obesity into 3 classes: Class 1, a BMI of 30 to less than 35; Class 2, a BMI of 35 to less than 40; and Class 3, as a BMI of 40 or higher. The CDC sometimes refers to Class 3 obesity as “extreme” or “severe” obesity.

In some embodiments, the patient treated by the methods of the present disclosure can be characterized by two or more of the physiological characteristics described herein. For example the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35 and can have a % IBW of at least 150%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35 and can have a waist size greater than about 42 inches. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35 and can have a % body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35 and can have a % android body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35 and can have a % gynoid body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35 and can have total body fat greater than about 40 kg. In various other embodiments, the patient can have any combination of two or more of any of the specific physiological parameters described herein.

In some embodiments, the patient can have three or more of the physiological parameters described herein, for example a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, and waist size greater than about 42 inches. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, and a % body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, and a % android body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, and a % gynoid body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, and total body fat greater than about 40 kg. In various other embodiments, the patient can have any combination of three or more of any of the specific physiological parameters described herein.

In some embodiments, the patient can have four or more of the physiological parameters described herein, for example the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, waist size greater than about 42 inches, and a % body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, waist size greater than about 42 inches, and a % android body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, waist size greater than about 42 inches, and a % gynoid body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, a waist size greater than about 42 inches, and total body fat greater than about 43 kg. In some a embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, a waist size greater than about 42 inches, a % body fat greater than about 40%, and a % android body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, a waist size greater than about 42 inches, a % body fat greater than about 40%, and a % gynoid body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, a waist size greater than about 42 inches, a % body fat greater than about 40%, and total body fat greater than about 40 kg. In some embodiments, the patient can have a BMI of at least about 35, a % IBW of at least 150%, a waist size greater than about 42 inches, a % body fat greater than about 40%, a % android body fat greater than about 40%, in % gynoid body fat greater than about 40%, and total body fat greater than about 40 kg. In one embodiment, the patient who has a BMI of at least about 35, in % IBW of at least 150%, a waist size greater than about 42 inches, and a % body fat greater than about 40%, a % android body fat greater than about 40%, a % gynoid body fat greater than about 40%, and total body fat greater than about 40 kg. In various other embodiments, the patient can have any combination of any or all of the specific physiological parameters described herein.

In some embodiments, the patient can have a waist size greater than about 42 inches, a % body fat greater than about 40%, and a % android body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a waist size greater than about 42 inches, a % body fat greater than about 40%, and a % gynoid body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a waist size greater than about 42 inches, a % body fat greater than about 40%, and total body fat greater than about 40 kg.

In some embodiments, the patient can have a % body fat greater than about 40%, a % android body fat greater than about 40%, and a % gynoid body fat greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the patient can have a % body fat greater than about 40%, a % android body fat greater than about 40%, and total body fat greater than about 40 kg. In some embodiments, the patient can have a % body fat greater than about 40%, a % gynoid body fat greater than about 40%, and total body fat greater than about 40 kg. In some embodiments, a % android body fat greater than about 40%, and a % gynoid body fat greater than about 40%, and total body fat greater than about 43 kg. In some embodiments, the patient can have any combinations of obesity characteristics described herein

In some embodiments, patients with at least one of the obesity characteristics described herein can be an intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizer. In other embodiments, the patients with at least one of the obesity characteristics described herein can be a poor CYP3A4 metabolizer. In some embodiments, the patients with at least one of the obesity characteristics described herein can be an extensive CYP3A4 metabolizer. In still other embodiments, the patient is not obese, e.g., can have normal weight, and be an intermediate or poor CYP3A4 metabolizer.

Alternatively, in some embodiments, the CYP3A4 genotype can be tested by using targeted variant analysis. In some embodiments, the CYP3A4 genotype can be tested by using sequence analysis of select exons.

In various embodiments, the present disclosure also provides for methods of treating patients previously treated with posaconazole with a CYP3A4 substrate drug which is contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as posaconazole, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug maintains an AUC which is no more than about 2750% of a normal baseline AUC (as defined above) of the CYP3A4 substrate drug, e.g., no more than about 2700%, no more than about 2650%, no more than about 2600%, no more than about 2550%, no more than about 2500%, no more than about 2450%, no more than about 2400%, no more than about 2350%, no more than about 2300%, no more than about 2250%, no more than about 2200%, no more than about 2150%, no more than about 2100%, no more than about 2050%, no more than about 2000%, no more than about 1950%, no more than about 1900%, no more than about 1850%, no more than about 1800%, no more than about 1750%, no more than about 1700%, no more than about 1650%, no more than about 1600%, no more than about 1550%, no more than about 1500%, no more than about 1450%, no more than about 1400%, no more than about 1350%, no more than about 1300%, no more than about 1250%, no more than about 1200%, no more than about 1150%, no more than about 1100%, no more than about 1050%, no more than about 1000%, no more than about 950%, no more than about 900%, no more than about 850%, no more than about 800%, no more than about 750%, no more than about 700%, no more than about 650%, no more than about 600%, no more than about 550%, no more than about 500%, no more than about 450%, no more than about 445%, no more than about 440%, no more than about 435%, no more than 430%, no more than about 425%, no more than about 420%, no more than about 415%, no more than about 410%, no more than about 405%, no more than about 400%, no more than about 395%, no more than about 390%, no more than about 385%, no more than about 380%, no more than about 375%, no more than about 370%, no more than about 365%, no more than about 360%, no more than about 355%, no more than about 350%, no more than about 345%, no more than about 340%, no more than about 335%, no more than 330%, no more than about 325%, no more than about 320%, no more than about 315%, no more than about 310%, no more than about 305%, or no more than about 300%, no more than about 295%, no more than about 290%, no more than about 285%, no more than about 280%, no more than about 275%, no more than about 270%, no more than about 265%, no more than about 260%, no more than about 255%, no more than about 250%, no more than about 245%, no more than about 240%, no more than about 235%, no more than 230%, no more than about 225%, no more than about 220%, no more than about 216%, no more than about 215%, no more than about 210%, no more than about 205%, no more than about 200%, no more than about 195%, no more than about 190%, no more than about 185%, no more than about 180%, no more than about 175%, no more than about 170%, no more than about 165%, no more than about 160%, no more than about 155%, no more than about 150%, no more than about 145%, no more than about 140%, no more than about 135%, no more than about 130%, no more than about 125%, no more than about 120%, no more than about 115%, no more than about 110%, no more than about 105%, or no more than about 100% of the normal baseline AUC of the CYP3A4 substrate drug, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween. In particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the AUC of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of a normal baseline AUC of ranolazine. As used herein, the “normal baseline AUC of ranolazine” refers to the steady state AUC₀₋₁₂ measured for a particular dose of ranolazine in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the steady state AUC₀₋₁₂ (% CV) is 13,720 (67.0%) ng*h/mL measured after administration of 500 mg ranolazine. In some embodiments, the steady state AUC₀₋₁₂ (% CV) is 32,091 (42.2%) ng*h/mL measured after administration of 1,000 mg ranolazine. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the AUC of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 216% of a normal baseline AUC of lurasidone. As used herein, the “normal baseline AUC of lurasidone” refers to the mean AUC_(0-tau) measured for a particular dose of lurasidone in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the mean AUC_(0-tau) is about 743 ng*h/mL measured after administration of 120 mg lurasidone administered in the fed state after a 350 kcal meal. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 410% of a normal baseline AUC of tadalafil. As used herein, the “normal baseline AUC of tadalafil” refers to the mean AUC_(0-∞) (% CV) measured for a particular dose of tadalafil in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the mean AUC_(0-∞) (% CV) is about 3647 (34.0%) μg*h/L measured after administration of 10 mg tadalafil. In some embodiments, the mean AUC_(0-∞) (% CV) is about 13,006 (43.9%) μg*h/L for 20 mg tadalafil. In some embodiments, the mean AUC_(0-∞) (% CV) is within the range of about 7,000 to about 13,000 (40.0%) μg*h/L for 20 mg tadalafil. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 drug is erlotinib, and the AUC of erlotinib is maintained at a level of no more than about 164% of a normal baseline AUC of erlotinib at 150 mg. As used herein, the “normal baseline AUC of erlotinib” refers to the mean AUC₀₋₂₄ (% CV) measured for a particular dose of erlotinib in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the mean AUC₀₋₂₄ (% CV) at steady state is about 15.2 (400.0%) μg*h/mL measured after administration of 150 mg erlotinib. The AUC₀₋₂₄ of erlotinib is highly variable and tends to increase in cancer patients relative to healthy volunteers. Thus, in some embodiments, the mean AUC₀₋₂₄ (% CV) can range from about 1 μg*h/mL to about 35 μg*h/mL, e.g., about 2 μg*h/mL, about 3 μg*h/mL, about 4 μg*h/mL, about 5 μg*h/mL, about 6 μg*h/mL, about 7 μg*h/mL, about 8 μg*h/mL, about 9 μg*h/mL, about 10 μg*h/mL, about 11 μg*h/mL, about 12 μg*h/mL, about 13 μg*h/mL, about 14 μg*h/mL, about 15 μg*h/mL, about 16 μg*h/mL, about 17 μg*h/mL, about 18 μg*h/mL, about 19 μg*h/mL, about 20 μg*h/mL, about 21 μg*h/mL, about 22 μg*h/mL, about 23 μg*h/mL, about 24 μg*h/mL, about 25 μg*h/mL, about 27 μg*h/mL, about 28 μg*h/mL, about 29 μg*h/mL, about 30 μg*h/mL, about 31 μg*h/mL, about 32 μg*h/mL, about 33 μg*h/mL, about 34 μg*h/mL, about 35 μg*h/mL, about 36 μg*h/mL, about 37 μg*h/mL, about 38 μg*h/mL, about 39 μg*h/mL, about 40 μg*h/mL, about 41 μg*h/mL, about 42 μg*h/mL, about 43 μg*h/mL, about 44 μg*h/mL, about 45 μg*h/mL, about 47 μg*h/mL, about 48 μg*h/mL, about 49 μg*h/mL, about 50 μg*h/mL, about 51 μg*h/mL, about 52 μg*h/mL, about 53 μg*h/mL, about 54 μg*h/mL, about 55 μg*h/mL, about 57 μg*h/mL, about 58 μg*h/mL, about 59 μg*h/mL, about 60 μg*h/mL, inclusive of all values and subranges therebetween. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 drug is solifenacin succinate, and the AUC of solifenacin succinate is maintained at a level of no more than about 270% of a normal baseline AUC of solifenacin succinate. As used herein, the “normal baseline AUC of solifenacin succinate” refers to the mean AUC₀₋₂₄ (% CV) at steady state measured for a particular dose of solifenacin succinate in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the mean AUC₀₋₂₄ (% CV) at steady state is about 463 (37%) ng*h/mL for 5 mg solifenacin succinate. In some embodiments, the mean AUC₀₋₂₄ (% CV) at steady state is about 749 (22%) ng*h/mL for 10 mg solifenacin succinate. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 drug is everolimus, and the AUC of everolimus is maintained at a level of no more than about 440% of a normal baseline AUC of everolimus. As used herein, the “normal baseline AUC of everolimus” refers to the mean AUC₀₋₂₄±SD measured at steady state conditions for a particular dose of everolimus in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the mean AUC₀₋₂₄±SD is about 536±7.7 ng*h/mL measured after administration of 10 mg everolimus.

In various other embodiments, the present disclosure provides for methods of treating patients previously treated with posaconazole, comprising treating or prescribing a reduced dose of a CYP3A4 substrate drug which is contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (e.g., about 10%-90%, of the reference dose) for a period of about 2-21 days after stopping posaconazole treatment as described herein, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is maintained an AUC which is no more than about 2750% of the baseline AUC of the CYP3A4 substrate drug, e.g., no more than about 2700%, no more than about 2650%, no more than about 2600%, no more than about 2550%, no more than about 2500%, no more than about 2450%, no more than about 2400%, no more than about 2350%, no more than about 2300%, no more than about 2250%, no more than about 2200%, no more than about 2150%, no more than about 2100%, no more than about 2050%, no more than about 2000%, no more than about 1950%, no more than about 1900%, no more than about 1850%, no more than about 1800%, no more than about 1750%, no more than about 1700%, no more than about 1650%, no more than about 1600%, no more than about 1550%, no more than about 1500%, no more than about 1450%, no more than about 1400%, no more than about 1350%, no more than about 1300%, no more than about 1250%, no more than about 1200%, no more than about 1150%, no more than about 1100%, no more than about 1050%, no more than about 1000%, no more than about 950%, no more than about 900%, no more than about 850%, no more than about 800%, no more than about 750%, no more than about 700%, no more than about 650%, no more than about 600%, no more than about 550%, no more than about 500%, no more than about 450%, no more than about 445%, no more than about 440%, no more than about 435%, no more than 430%, no more than about 425%, no more than about 420%, no more than about 415%, no more than about 410%, no more than about 405%, no more than about 400%, no more than about 395%, no more than about 390%, no more than about 385%, no more than about 380%, no more than about 375%, no more than about 370%, no more than about 365%, no more than about 360%, no more than about 355%, no more than about 350%, no more than about 345%, no more than about 340%, no more than about 335%, no more than 330%, no more than about 325%, no more than about 320%, no more than about 315%, no more than about 310%, no more than about 305%, or no more than about 300%, no more than about 295%, no more than about 290%, no more than about 285%, no more than about 280%, no more than about 275%, no more than about 270%, no more than about 265%, no more than about 260%, no more than about 255%, no more than about 250%, no more than about 245%, no more than about 240%, no more than about 235%, no more than 230%, no more than about 225%, no more than about 220%, no more than about 216%, no more than about 215%, no more than about 210%, no more than about 205%, no more than about 200%, no more than about 195%, no more than about 190%, no more than about 185%, no more than about 180%, no more than about 175%, no more than about 170%, no more than about 165%, no more than about 160%, no more than about 155%, no more than about 150%, no more than about 145%, no more than about 140%, no more than about 135%, no more than about 130%, no more than about 125%, no more than about 120%, no more than about 115%, no more than about 110%, no more than about 105%, or no more than about 100% of the normal baseline AUC of the CYP3A4 substrate drug, inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween. In particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the AUC of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of the normal baseline AUC of ranolazine. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the AUC of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 216% of the normal baseline AUC of lurasidone. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 410% of the normal baseline AUC of tadalafil. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 260% of the normal baseline AUC of tadalafil. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 207% of the normal baseline AUC of tadalafil. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is erlotinib, and the AUC of erlotinib is maintained at a level of no more than about 164% of the normal baseline AUC of erlotinib. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is solifenacin succinate, and the AUC of solifenacin succinate is maintained at a level of no more than about 270% of the normal baseline AUC of solifenacin succinate. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is everolimus, and the AUC of everolimus is maintained at a level of no more than about 440% of the normal baseline AUC of everolimus.

In various embodiments, the present disclosure also provides for methods of treating patients previously treated with posaconazole, with a CYP3A4 substrate drug which is contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as posaconazole, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug maintains a C_(max) which is no more than about 4000% of the normal baseline C_(max) of the CYP3A4 substrate drug, e.g., 3950%, no more than about 3900%, no more than about 3850%, no more than about 3800%, no more than about 3750%, no more than about 3700%, no more than about 3650%, no more than about 3600%, no more than about 3550%, no more than about 3500%, no more than about 3450%, no more than about 3400%, no more than about 3350%, no more than about 3300%, no more than about 3250%, no more than about 3200%, no more than about 3150%, no more than about 3100%, no more than about 3050%, no more than about 3000%, no more than about 2950%, no more than about 2900%, no more than about 2850%, no more than about 2800%, no more than about 2750%, no more than about no more than about 2700%, no more than about 2650%, no more than about 2600%, no more than about 2550%, no more than about 2500%, no more than about 2450%, no more than about 2400%, no more than about 2350%, no more than about 2300%, no more than about 2250%, no more than about 2200%, no more than about 2150%, no more than about 2100%, no more than about 2050%, no more than about 2000%, no more than about 1950%, no more than about 1900%, no more than about 1850%, no more than about 1800%, no more than about 1750%, no more than about 1700%, no more than about 1650%, no more than about 1600%, no more than about 1550%, no more than about 1500%, no more than about 1450%, no more than about 1400%, no more than about 1350%, no more than about 1300%, no more than about 1250%, no more than about 1200%, no more than about 1150%, no more than about 1100%, no more than about 1050%, no more than about 1000%, no more than about 950%, no more than about 900%, no more than about 850%, no more than about 800%, no more than about 750%, no more than about 700%, no more than about 650%, no more than about 600%, no more than about 550%, no more than about 500%, no more than about 450%, no more than about 445%, no more than about 440%, no more than about 435%, no more than 430%, no more than about 425%, no more than about 420%, no more than about 415%, no more than about 410%, no more than about 405%, no more than about 400%, no more than about 395%, no more than about 390%, no more than about 385%, no more than about 380%, no more than about 375%, no more than about 370%, no more than about 365%, no more than about 360%, no more than about 355%, no more than about 350%, no more than about 345%, no more than about 340%, no more than about 335%, no more than 330%, no more than about 325%, no more than about 320%, no more than about 315%, no more than about 310%, no more than about 305%, or no more than about 300%, no more than about 295%, no more than about 290%, no more than about 285%, no more than about 280%, no more than about 275%, no more than about 270%, no more than about 265%, no more than about 260%, no more than about 255%, no more than about 250%, no more than about 245%, no more than about 240%, no more than about 235%, no more than 230%, no more than about 225%, no more than about 220%, no more than about 216%, no more than about 215%, no more than about 210%, no more than about 205%, no more than about 200%, no more than about 195%, no more than about 190%, no more than about 185%, no more than about 180%, no more than about 175%, no more than about 170%, no more than about 165%, no more than about 160%, no more than about 155%, no more than about 150%, no more than about 145%, no more than about 140%, no more than about 135%, no more than about no 130%, no more than about 125%, no more than about 120%, no more than about 115%, no more than about 110%, no more than about 105%, or no more than about 100% inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween. In particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the C_(max) of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of the normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine. As used herein, the “normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine” refers to the steady state C_(max) measured for a particular dose of ranolazine in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the steady state C_(max) (% CV) is 1081 (49.1%) ng/mL measured after administration of 500 mg ranolazine. In some embodiments, the steady state C_(max) (% CV) is 1955 (54.0%) ng/mL measured after administration of 1,000 mg ranolazine. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the C_(max) of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 210% of the normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone. As used herein, the “normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone” refers to the mean C_(max) measured for a particular dose of lurasidone in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the mean C_(max) (% CV) is about 160 ng/mL measured after administration of 120 mg lurasidone in the fed state following a 350 kcal meal. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the C_(max) of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 120% of the normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil. As used herein, the “normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil” refers to the mean C_(max) measured for a particular dose of tadalafil in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the mean C_(max) (% CV) is 190 (21.7%) μg/L measured after administration of 10 mg tadalafil. In some embodiments, the mean C_(max) (% CV) is 548 (24.0%) μg/L measured after administration of 20 mg tadalafil. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is erlotinib, and the C_(max) of erlotinib is maintained at a level of no more than about 167% of the normal baseline C_(max) of erlotinib at 150 mg. As used herein, the “normal baseline C_(max) of erlotinib” refers to the mean C_(max) measured at steady state conditions for a particular dose of erlotinib in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the mean C_(max) (% CV) is 1.7 (90%) μg/mL measured after administration of 150 mg erlotinib. The C_(max) of erlotinib is highly variable and tends to increase in cancer patients relative to healthy volunteers. Thus, in some embodiments, the mean AUC₀₋₂₄ (% CV) can range from about 1 μg*h/mL to about 35 μg*h/mL, e.g., about 2 μg*h/mL, about 3 μg*h/mL, about 4 μg*h/mL, about 5 μg*h/mL, about 6 μg*h/mL, about 7 μg*h/mL, about 8 μg*h/mL, about 9 μg*h/mL, about 10 μg*h/mL, about 11 μg*h/mL, about 12 μg*h/mL, about 13 μg*h/mL, about 14 μg*h/mL, about 15 μg*h/mL, about 16 μg*h/mL, about 17 μg*h/mL, about 18 μg*h/mL, about 19 μg*h/mL, about 20 μg*h/mL, about 21 μg*h/mL, about 22 μg*h/mL, about 23 μg*h/mL, about 24 μg*h/mL, about 25 μg*h/mL, about 27 μg*h/mL, about 28 μg*h/mL, about 29 μg*h/mL, about 30 μg*h/mL, about 31 μg*h/mL, about 32 μg*h/mL, about 33 μg*h/mL, about 34 μg*h/mL, inclusive of all values and subranges therebetween. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is solifenacin succinate, and the C_(max) of solifenacin succinate is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of the normal baseline C_(max) of solifenacin succinate. As used herein, the “normal baseline C_(max) of solifenacin” refers to the mean C_(max) measured at steady state conditions for a particular dose of solifenacin succinate in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the mean C_(max) (% CV) is 24.01 (30%) ng/mL measured after administration of 5 mg solifenacin. In some embodiments, the mean C_(max) (% CV) is 40.61 (21%) ng/mL measured after administration of 10 mg solifenacin succinate. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is everolimus, and the C_(max) of everolimus is maintained at a level of no more than about 200% of the normal baseline C_(max) of everolimus. As used herein, the “normal baseline C_(max) of everolimus” refers to the mean C_(max) measured at steady state conditions for a particular dose of everolimus in the absence of other drugs. In some embodiments, the mean C_(max) (% CV) is 59.7±16.9 (21.7%) ng/mL measured after administration of 10 mg everolimus

In various other embodiments, the present disclosure provides for methods of treating patients previously on posaconazole with a reduced dose of a CYP3A4 substrate drug (e.g., about 10%-50% of the reference dose) which is contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is maintained at a dose which provides a C_(max) which is no more than about 4000% of the normal baseline C_(max) of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for a period of at least about 2 to at least about 21 days after stopping posaconazole treatment, e.g., 3950%, no more than about 3900%, no more than about 3850%, no more than about 3800%, no more than about 3750%, no more than about 3700%, no more than about 3650%, no more than about 3600%, no more than about 3550%, no more than about 3500%, no more than about 3450%, no more than about 3400%, no more than about 3350%, no more than about 3300%, no more than about 3250%, no more than about 3200%, no more than about 3150%, no more than about 3100%, no more than about 3050%, no more than about 3000%, no more than about 2950%, no more than about 2900%, no more than about 2850%, no more than about 2800%, no more than about 2750%, no more than about no more than about 2700%, no more than about 2650%, no more than about 2600%, no more than about 2550%, no more than about 2500%, no more than about 2450%, no more than about 2400%, no more than about 2350%, no more than about 2300%, no more than about 2250%, no more than about 2200%, no more than about 2150%, no more than about 2100%, no more than about 2050%, no more than about 2000%, no more than about 1950%, no more than about 1900%, no more than about 1850%, no more than about 1800%, no more than about 1750%, no more than about 1700%, no more than about 1650%, no more than about 1600%, no more than about 1550%, no more than about 1500%, no more than about 1450%, no more than about 1400%, no more than about 1350%, no more than about 1300%, no more than about 1250%, no more than about 1200%, no more than about 1150%, no more than about 1100%, no more than about 1050%, no more than about 1000%, no more than about 950%, no more than about 900%, no more than about 850%, no more than about 800%, no more than about 750%, no more than about 700%, no more than about 650%, no more than about 600%, no more than about 550%, no more than about 500%, no more than about 450%, no more than about 445%, no more than about 440%, no more than about 435%, no more than 430%, no more than about 425%, no more than about 420%, no more than about 415%, no more than about 410%, no more than about 405%, no more than about 400%, no more than about 395%, no more than about 390%, no more than about 385%, no more than about 380%, no more than about 375%, no more than about 370%, no more than about 365%, no more than about 360%, no more than about 355%, no more than about 350%, no more than about 345%, no more than about 340%, no more than about 335%, no more than 330%, no more than about 325%, no more than about 320%, no more than about 315%, no more than about 310%, no more than about 305%, or no more than about 300%, no more than about 295%, no more than about 290%, no more than about 285%, no more than about 280%, no more than about 275%, no more than about 270%, no more than about 265%, no more than about 260%, no more than about 255%, no more than about 250%, no more than about 245%, no more than about 240%, no more than about 235%, no more than 230%, no more than about 225%, no more than about 220%, no more than about 216%, no more than about 215%, no more than about 210%, no more than about 205%, no more than about 200%, no more than about 195%, no more than about 190%, no more than about 185%, no more than about 180%, no more than about 175%, no more than about 170%, no more than about 165%, no more than about 160%, no more than about 155%, no more than about 150%, no more than about 145%, no more than about 140%, no more than about 135%, no more than about 130%, no more than about 125%, no more than about 120%, no more than about 115%, no more than about 110%, no more than about 105%, or no more than about 100% inclusive of all ranges and subranges therebetween. In particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the C_(max) of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of the normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the C_(max) of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 210% of the normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the C_(max) of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 120% of the normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is erlotinib, and the C_(max) erlotinib is maintained at a level of no more than about 167% of the normal baseline C_(max) of erlotinib. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is solifenacin succinate, and the C_(max) of solifenacin succinate is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of the normal baseline C_(max) of solifenacin succinate. In other particular embodiments, the CYP3A4 substrate drug is everolimus, and the C_(max) of everolimus is maintained at a level of no more than about 200% of the normal baseline C_(max) of everolimus.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, the daily dose of ranolazine is no more than about 500 mg, e.g., about 490 mg, about 480 mg, about 470 mg, about 460 mg, about 450 mg, about 440 mg, about 430 mg, about 420 mg, about 410 mg, about 400 mg, about 390 mg, about 380 mg, about 370 mg, 360 mg, about 350 mg, about 340 mg, about 330 mg, about 320 mg, about 310 mg, about 300 mg, about 290 mg, about 280 mg, about 270 mg, 260 mg, about 250 mg, about 240 mg, about 230 mg, about 220 mg, about 210 mg, about 100 mg, about 190 mg, about 180 mg, about 170 mg, 160 mg, about 150 mg, about 140 mg, about 130 mg, about 120 mg, about 110 mg, about 100 mg, about 90 mg, about 80 mg, about 70 mg, about 60 mg, or about 50 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, the daily dose of lurasidone is no more than about 80 mg, e.g., about 75, about 70 mg, about 65 mg, about 60 mg, about 55 mg, about 50 mg, about 45 mg, about 40 mg, about 35 mg, about 30 mg, about 25 mg, about 20 mg, about 15 mg, or about 10 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, the daily dose of tadalafil is no more than about 2.5 mg, e.g., about 2.25 mg, about 2.0 mg, about 1.75 mg, about 1.5 mg, about 1.25 mg, about 1.0 mg, about 0.75 mg, or about 0.5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In other embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, the 72 hr dose of tadalafil is no more than about 10 mg, e.g., about 9.5 mg, about 9.0 mg, about 8.5 mg, about 8.0 mg, about 7.5 mg, about 7.0 mg, about 6.5 mg, about 6.0 mg, about 5.5 mg, about 5.0 mg, about 4.5 mg, about 4.0 mg, about 3.5 mg, about 3.0 mg, about 2.5 mg, about 2.0 mg, about 1.5 mg, about 1.0 mg, or about 0.5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is erlotinib, the daily dose of erlotinib is no more than about 150 mg, e.g., about 140 mg, about 130 mg, about 120 mg, about 110 mg, about 100 mg, about 90 mg, about 80 mg, about 70 mg, about 60 mg, about 50 mg, about 40 mg, about 30 mg, about 20 mg, or about 10 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is solifenacin succinate, the daily dose of solifenacin succinate is no more than about 10 mg, e.g., about 9 mg, about 8 mg, about 7 mg, about 6 mg, about 5 mg, about 4 mg, about 3 mg, about 2 mg, about 1 mg, or about 0.5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is everolimus, the daily dose of everolimus is no more than about 10 mg, e.g., about 9 mg, about 8 mg, about 7 mg, about 6 mg, about 5 mg, about 4 mg, about 3 mg, about 2 mg, about 1.75 mg, about 1.5 mg, about 1.25 mg, about 1.0 mg, about 0.75 mg, or about 0.5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is abemaciclib, the daily dose of abemaciclib is no more than about 400 mg, e.g., about 350 mg, about 300 mg, about 250 mg, about 225 mg, about 200 mg, about 175 mg, about 150 mg, about 125 mg, about 100 mg, about 75 mg, about 50 mg, about 25 mg, about 10 mg, about 5 mg, about 1.0 mg, or about 0.5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ivacaftor, the daily dose of ivacaftor is no more than about 300 mg, e.g., about 250 mg, about 225 mg, about 200 mg, about 175 mg, about 150 mg, about 125 mg, about 100 mg, about 75 mg, about 50 mg, about 25 mg, about 10 mg, about 5 mg, about 1.0 mg, or about 0.5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ruxolitinib, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., ruxolitinib phosphate), the daily dose of ruxolitinib phosphate is no more than about 50 mg, e.g., about 48 mg, about 45 mg, about 40 mg, about 35 mg, about 30 mg, about 25 mg, about 20 mg, about 15 mg, about 10 mg, about 5 mg, about about 1.0 mg, about 0.75 mg, or about 0.5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is brexpiprazole, the daily dose of brexpiprazole is no more than about 4 mg, e.g., about 3 mg, about 2 mg, about 1.75 mg, about 1.5 mg, about 1.25 mg, about 1.0 mg, about 0.75 mg, or about 0.5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ivacaftor/tezacaftor, the daily dose of tezactaftor is no more than about 100 mg, e.g., about 90 mg, about 80 mg, about 70 mg, about 60 mg, about 50 mg, about 40 mg, about 30 mg, about 20 mg, about 17.5 mg, about 15 mg, about 12.5 mg, about 10 mg, about 7.5 mg, or about 5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and the daily dose of ivacaftor is no more than about 300 mg, e.g., about 290 mg, about 280 mg, about 270 mg, about 260 mg, about 250 mg, about 240 mg, about 230 mg, about 220 mg, about 175 mg, about 150 mg, about 125 mg, about 100 mg, about 75 mg, or about 50 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is regorafenib, the daily dose of regorafenib is no more than about 160 mg, e.g., about 150 mg, about 140 mg, about 130 mg, about 120 mg, about 110 mg, about 100 mg, about 90 mg, about 80 mg, about 70 mg, about 60 mg, about 50 mg, about 25 mg, about 10 mg, or about 5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is daclatasvir, the daily dose of daclatasvir is no more than about 90 mg, e.g., about 80 mg, about 70 mg, about 60 mg, about 50 mg, about 40 mg, about 30 mg, about 20 mg, about 17.5 mg, about 15 mg, about 12.5 mg, about 10 mg, about 7.5 mg, or about 5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is crizotinib, the daily dose of crizotinib is no more than about 500 mg, e.g., about 450 mg, about 400 mg, about 350 mg, about 300 mg, about 250 mg, about 225 mg, about 200 mg, about 175 mg, about 150 mg, about 125 mg, about 100 mg, about 75 mg, about 50 mg, about 25 mg, about 10 mg, about 5 mg, about 1.0 mg, or about 0.5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is naloxegol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., naloxegol oxalate), the daily dose of naloxegol oxalate is no more than about 25 mg, e.g., about 22 mg, about 20 mg, about 18 mg, about 16 mg, about 15 mg, about 14 mg, about 13 mg, about 12 mg, about 10 mg, about 8 mg, about 5 mg, about 1 mg, about 0.75 mg, or about 0.5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is dabrafenib, the daily dose of dabrafenib is no more than about 300 mg, e.g., about 250 mg, about 225 mg, about 200 mg, about 175 mg, about 150 mg, about 125 mg, about 100 mg, about 75 mg, about 50 mg, about 25 mg, about 10 mg, about 5 mg, about 1.0 mg, or about 0.5 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In embodiments in which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is elbasvir and grazoprevir, the daily dose of elbasvir is no more than about 1000 mg, e.g., about 900 mg, about 800 mg, about 700 mg, about 600 mg, about 500 mg, about 400 mg, about 300 mg, about 200 mg, about 175 mg, about 150 mg, about 125 mg, about 100 mg, about 75 mg, about 50 mg, or about 25 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and the daily dose of grazoprevir is no more than about 2000 mg, e.g., about 1500 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1000 mg, about 900 mg, about 800 mg, about 700 mg, about 600 mg, about 500 mg, about 400 mg, about 300 mg, about 200 mg, about 150 mg, about 100 mg, about 75 mg, or about 50 mg, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween, and treatment is delayed for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, or reduced for the time period of about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

In some embodiments, the time period for delaying treatment of the CYP3A4 substrate drug, or the time period during which the patient is treated with a reduced dose (e.g., no more than about 90%, about 75%, about 50%, about 25%, etc. of the reference dose) of the CYP3A4 substrate, is at least about 1.5 times the reported average t_(1/2) of posaconazole, e.g., about 2 times, about 2.5 times, about 3 times, about 3.5 times, about 4 times, about 4.5 times, about 5 times, about 5.5 times, about 6 times, about 6.5 times, about 7 times, about 7.5 times, about 8 times, about 8.5 times, about 9 times, about 9.5 times, about 10 times, inclusive of all values and subranges therebetween.

The present disclosure also provides methods for treating, or prescribing treatment, with a CYP3A4 substrate drug intended to treat any of the disorders or conditions described herein, to a patient who has been administered posaconazole prior to the administration of the CYP3A4 substrate drug. In addition to treating the disorder or condition treatable with the CYP3A4 substrate drug, in some embodiments the methods of the present invention reduce the severity or incidence of side effects associated with administration of the CYP3A4 substrate drug after stopping administration of posaconazole. In embodiments, these methods include (a) treating a patient with multiple doses of posaconazole, (b) not administering the CYP3A4 substrate drug during the administration of the posaconazole regimen, (c) stopping administration of posaconazole, (d) delaying treatment of a CYP3A4 substrate drug, or prescribing treatment of the CYP3A4 substrate drug to be delayed, for at least 2-21 days after stopping the posaconazole regimen, and then (e) treating with a CYP3A4 substrate drug. In other embodiments, the methods include (a) treating a patient with multiple doses of posaconazole, (b) not treating the patient with the CYP3A4 substrate drug during the posaconazole regimen, (c) stopping the posaconazole regimen; and (d) for at least about 2-21 days after stopping the posaconazole regimen, treating the patient with the CYP3A4 substrate drug at a dose which is no more than about 50% of the reference dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug (e.g., an amount in the range of about 10% to about 50%, or about 10% to about 90%, of the reference dose, as described above). The disease or condition treated with the CYP3A4 substrate drug can include any disease or condition described herein or for which CYP3 substrate drug is administered. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia in adults and adolescents (13 to 17 years), depressive episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder (bipolar depression) in adults, as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate, chronic angina, erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) to improve exercise ability. In other embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease has not progressed after four cycles of platinum-based first-line chemotherapy, locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis (TS) who require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for curative surgical resection, renal angiomyolipoma, and tuberous sclerosis complex. In other embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of in combination with fulvestrant for the treatment of women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy, as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with HRpositive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy and prior chemotherapy in the metastatic setting, cystic fibrosis (CF) in patients age 2 years and older who have one mutation in the CFTR gene that is responsive to ivacaftor based on clinical and/or in vitro assay data, deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adult patients who have been treated with three or more prior lines of chemotherapy, intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera patients who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea, as an adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, cystic fibrosis (CF) patients aged 12 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation or who have at least one mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is responsive to tezacaftor/ivacaftor based on in vitro data and/or clinical evidence, metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an antiVEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients who have been previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have been previously treated with sorafenib, use with sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin, for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 or 3 infection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ROS1-positive as detected by an FDA-approved test, opioid induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g., weekly) opioid dosage escalation, unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, in combination with trametinib, for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test, adjuvant treatment of patients with melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, and involvement of lymph node(s), following complete resection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, locally advanced or metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) in patients with BRAF V600E mutation and with no satisfactory locoregional treatment options, and with or without ribavirin for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults. In some embodiments, the time period for delaying administration of the CYP3A4 substrate drug, or the time period during which the CYP3A4 substrate drug is administered at no more than 50% of the reference dose, is greater than about 21 days, such as 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, or 45 days, e.g., for patients with one or more physiological characteristics described herein.

Other particular embodiments are provided herein below:

1. A method of treating a patient who has previously been administered a therapeutically effective regimen of posaconazole, with a CYP3A4 substrate drug contraindicated for concomitant administration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, said method comprising:

first treating the patient, or prescribing a first treatment to begin, with the CYP3A4 substrate drug at least 2-21 days after stopping administration of posaconazole.

2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein said CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of lurasidone, ranolazine, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, venetoclax, trabectedin, ribociclib succinate, deflazacort, cinacalcet hydrochloride, pimavanserin tartrate, aripiprazole lauroxil, cariprazine hydrochloride, simeprevir sodium, everolimus, saxagliptin hydrochloride, saxagliptin/metformin hydrochloride, ticagrelor, vilazodone hydrochloride, apixaban, tofacitinib citrate, eletriptan hydrobromide, nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate, dronedarone hydrochloride, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate, rivaroxaban, tadalafil, ibrutinib, cobimetinib, colchicine, cabazitaxel, tolvaptan, fosaprepitant dimeglumine, aprepitant, solifenacin succinate, erlotinib hydrochloride, ado-trastuzumab ematansine, bosutinib monohydrate, sunitinib malate, fesoterodine fumarate, maraviroc, pazopanib hydrochloride, aripiprazole, axitinib, dapagliflozin/saxagliptin, cabozantinib S-malate, ponatinib hydrochloride, isavuconazonium sulfate, lomitapide mesylate, iloperidone, palbociclib, levomilnacipran hydrochloride, pimozide, pomalidomide, abemaciclib, ivacaftor, ruxolitinib phosphate, brexpiprazole, ivacaftor/tezacaftor, regorafenib, daclatasvir, crizotinib, naloxegol oxalate, dabrafenib, olaparib, and elbasvir and grazoprevir.

3. The method of embodiment 2, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone.

4. The method of embodiment 2, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine.

5. The method of embodiment 2, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil.

6. The method of any of embodiments 1-5, wherein the patient is obese.

7. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the patient has at least one of the following characteristics:

i) BMI of at least about 35;

ii) % IBW of at least about 150%;

iii) waist size greater than about 42 inches;

iv) % body fat greater than about 40%;

v) total body fat greater than about 40 kg; and

vi) medically diagnosed as obese.

8. The method of any of embodiments 1-7, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the AUC of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of a normal baseline AUC of ranolazine.

9. The method of any of embodiments 1-7, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the C_(max) of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of a normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine.

10. The method of any of embodiments 1-7, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the AUC of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 216% of a normal baseline AUC of lurasidone.

11. The method of any of embodiments 1-7, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the C_(max) of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 210% of a normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone.

12. The method of any of embodiments 1-7, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 410% of a normal baseline AUC of tadalafil.

13. The method of any of embodiments 1-7, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the a C_(max) of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 120% of a normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil.

14. The method of embodiments 1-10, wherein the patient is a poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizer.

15. A method of treating a patient with a CYP3A4 substrate drug contraindicated for concomitant administration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, comprising:

treating or prescribing a therapeutically effective amount of a CYP3A4 substrate drug to a patient in need thereof,

wherein:

said patient has previously been administered a therapeutically effective regimen of posaconazole, and

for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen, said patient is treated with the CYP3A4 substrate drug is at a dose which is no more than about 50% of the reference dose.

16. The method of embodiment 15, wherein said CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of lurasidone, ranolazine, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, venetoclax, trabectedin, ribociclib succinate, deflazacort, cinacalcet hydrochloride, pimavanserin tartrate, aripiprazole lauroxil, cariprazine hydrochloride, simeprevir sodium, everolimus, saxagliptin hydrochloride, saxagliptin/metformin hydrochloride, ticagrelor, vilazodone hydrochloride, apixaban, tofacitinib citrate, eletriptan hydrobromide, nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate, dronedarone hydrochloride, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate, rivaroxaban, tadalafil, ibrutinib, cobimetinib, colchicine, cabazitaxel, tolvaptan, fosaprepitant dimeglumine, aprepitant, solifenacin succinate, erlotinib hydrochloride, ado-trastuzumab ematansine, bosutinib monohydrate, sunitinib malate, fesoterodine fumarate, maraviroc, pazopanib hydrochloride, aripiprazole, axitinib, dapagliflozin/saxagliptin, cabozantinib S-malate, ponatinib hydrochloride, isavuconazonium sulfate, lomitapide mesylate, iloperidone, palbociclib, levomilnacipran hydrochloride, pimozide, pomalidomide, abemaciclib, ivacaftor, ruxolitinib phosphate, brexpiprazole, ivacaftor/tezacaftor, regorafenib, daclatasvir, crizotinib, naloxegol oxalate, dabrafenib, olaparib, and elbasvir and grazoprevir.

17. The method of embodiment 16, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone.

18. The method of embodiment 16, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine.

19. The method of embodiment 16, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil.

20. The method of any of embodiments 15-19, wherein the patient is obese.

21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein the patient has at least one of the following characteristics:

i) BMI of at least about 35;

ii) % IBW of at least about 150%;

iii) waist size greater than about 42 inches;

iv) % body fat greater than about 40%;

v) total body fat greater than about 40 kg; and

vi) medically diagnosed as obese.

22. The method of any of embodiments 15-21, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the AUC of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline AUC of ranolazine to about 150% of the normal baseline AUC of ranolazine.

23. The method of any of embodiments 15-21, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the C_(max) of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine to about 150% of the normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine.

24. The method of any of embodiments 15-21, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the AUC of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline AUC of lurasidone to about 216% of the normal baseline AUC of lurasidone.

25. The method of any of embodiments 15-21, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the C_(max) of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone to about 210% of the normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone.

26. The method of any of embodiments 15-21, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 410% of a normal baseline AUC of tadalafil.

27. The method of any of embodiments 15-21, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the a C_(max) of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 120% of a normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil.

28. The method of embodiments 15-27, wherein the patient is a poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizer.

29. The method of embodiment 15, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine and the daily dose is no more than about 500 mg for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

30. A method of treating a disease or condition in a patient with a CYP3A4 substrate drug which is contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, wherein the patient is also in need of treatment with posaconazole, comprising:

(a) treating a patient with a therapeutically effective regimen of posaconazole;

(b) not treating the patient with the CYP3A4 substrate drug during the posaconazole regimen, and for at least 2-21 days after stopping the posaconazole regimen; and then

(c) treating, or prescribing treatment to begin, with a therapeutically effective amount of the CYP3A4 substrate drug;

wherein the disease or condition treated with the CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia in adults and adolescents (13 to 17 years), depressive episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder (bipolar depression) in adults, as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate, chronic angina, cystic fibrosis in patients 6 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene, chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients with 17p deletion, who have received at least one prior therapy, unresectable or metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma in patients who received a prior anthracycline-containing regimen, advanced or metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer, negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for postmenopausal women, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis, hypercalcemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma or in patients with primary HPT for who parathyroidectomy would be indicated on the basis of serum calcium levels, but who are unable to undergo parathyroidectomy, hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis, schizophrenia, acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection as a component of a combination antiviral treatment regimen with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin in HCV genotype 1 infected subjects with compensated liver disease, postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (advanced HR+ BC), e.g., in combination with exemestane after failure of treatment with letrozole or anastrozole, progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin (PNET), progressive, well-differentiated, non-functional neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of gastrointestinal (GI) or lung origin that are unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), e.g., after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), not requiring immediate surgery, TSC in patients who have subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) that require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for surgical resection, type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control, major depressive disorder (MDD), thrombotic cardiovascular events (e.g., cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients who have undergone hip or knee replacement surgery, DVT, PE, recurrent DVT and PE following initial therapy, moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis in patients who have had inadequate response or tolerance to methotrexate, acute migraine with or without aura, chronic phase and accelerated phase Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) in newly diagnosed patients or in patients resistant to or intolerant to prior therapy that included imatinib, atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with a history of paroxysmal or persistant AF or atrial flutter (AFK), who are in sinus rhythm or will be cardioverted, asthma in patients aged 4 years and older, airflow obstruction and reducing exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) to improve exercise ability, gout flares, Familial Mediterranean fever antiretroviral therapy, anxiety disorders, panic disorders, seizures, insomnia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, cancer, such as primary kidney cancer, advanced primary liver cancer, radioactive iodine resistant advanced thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mantle cell lymphoma in patients who have received at least one prior therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with 17p deletion, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, marginal zone lymphoma who require systemic therapy and have received at least one prior anti-CD20-based therapy, unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation, allergies, transplantation, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, treatment of clinically significant hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia, including patients with heart failure and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC) including high-dose cisplatin, prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC), over-active bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (L858R) substitution mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test receiving first-line, maintenance, or second or greater line treatment after progression, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, in combination with gemcitabine, HER2-positive, metastatic breast cancer who previously received trastuzumab and a taxane, separately or in combination in patients who have either: received prior therapy for metastatic disease or developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing adjuvant therapy, chronic, accelerated, or blast phase Ph+ chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in adults with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after disease progression on or intolerance to imatinib mesylate, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), progressive, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease, CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection in patients 2 years of age and older weighing at least 10 kg in combination with other antiretroviral agents, advanced renal cell carcinoma, advanced soft tissue sarcoma who have received prior chemotherapy, manic and mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I, Major Depressive Disorder, irritability associated with Autistic Disorder, Tourette's disorder, agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar mania, advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of one prior systemic therapy, to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have inadequate control with dapagliflozin or who are already treated with dapagliflozin and saxagliptin, progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy, chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph+ ALL in adults for whom no other tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is indicated, T315I-positive CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase) or T315I-positive Philadelphia chromosome in adults, positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), invasive aspergillosis, invasive mucormycosis, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), schizophrenia in adults, hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine based therapy in postmenopausal women, or fulvestrant in women with disease progression following endocrine therapy, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), suppression of motor and phonic tics in patients with Tourette's Disorder who have failed to respond satisfactorily to standard treatment, treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease has not progressed after four cycles of platinum-based first-line chemotherapy, locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis (TS) who require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for curative surgical resection, renal angiomyolipoma, tuberous sclerosis complex, in combination with fulvestrant for the treatment of women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy, as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with HRpositive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy and prior chemotherapy in the metastatic setting, cystic fibrosis (CF) in patients age 2 years and older who have one mutation in the CFTR gene that is responsive to ivacaftor based on clinical and/or in vitro assay data, deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adult patients who have been treated with three or more prior lines of chemotherapy, intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera patients who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea, as an adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, cystic fibrosis (CF) patients aged 12 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation or who have at least one mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is responsive to tezacaftor/ivacaftor based on in vitro data and/or clinical evidence, metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an antiVEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients who have been previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have been previously treated with sorafenib, use with sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin, for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 or 3 infection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ROS1-positive as detected by an FDA-approved test, opioid induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g., weekly) opioid dosage escalation, unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, in combination with trametinib, for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test, adjuvant treatment of patients with melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, and involvement of lymph node(s), following complete resection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, locally advanced or metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) in patients with BRAF V600E mutation and with no satisfactory locoregional treatment options, and with or without ribavirin for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.

31. The method of embodiment 30, wherein said CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of lurasidone, ranolazine, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, venetoclax, trabectedin, ribociclib succinate, deflazacort, cinacalcet hydrochloride, pimavanserin tartrate, aripiprazole lauroxil, cariprazine hydrochloride, simeprevir sodium, everolimus, saxagliptin hydrochloride, saxagliptin/metformin hydrochloride, ticagrelor, vilazodone hydrochloride, apixaban, tofacitinib citrate, eletriptan hydrobromide, nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate, dronedarone hydrochloride, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate, rivaroxaban, tadalafil, ibrutinib, cobimetinib, colchicine, cabazitaxel, tolvaptan, fosaprepitant dimeglumine, aprepitant, solifenacin succinate, erlotinib hydrochloride, ado-trastuzumab ematansine, bosutinib monohydrate, sunitinib malate, fesoterodine fumarate, maraviroc, pazopanib hydrochloride, aripiprazole, axitinib, dapagliflozin/saxagliptin, cabozantinib S-malate, ponatinib hydrochloride, isavuconazonium sulfate, lomitapide mesylate, iloperidone, palbociclib, levomilnacipran hydrochloride, pimozide, pomalidomide, abemaciclib, ivacaftor, ruxolitinib phosphate, brexpiprazole, ivacaftor/tezacaftor, regorafenib, daclatasvir, crizotinib, naloxegol oxalate, dabrafenib, olaparib, elbasvir and grazoprevir.

32. The method of embodiment 31, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone.

33. The method of embodiment 31, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine.

34. The method of embodiment 31, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil.

35. The method of any of embodiments 30-34, wherein the patient is obese.

36. The method of embodiment 35, wherein the patient has at least one of the following characteristics:

i) BMI of at least about 35;

ii) % IBW of at least about 150%;

iii) waist size greater than about 42 inches;

iv) % body fat greater than about 40%;

v) total body fat greater than about 40 kg; and

vi) medically diagnosed as obese.

37. The method of any of embodiments 30-36, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the AUC of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of a normal baseline AUC of ranolazine.

38. The method of any of embodiments 30-36, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the C_(max) of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of a normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine.

39. The method of any of embodiments 30-36, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the AUC of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 216% of a normal baseline AUC of lurasidone.

40. The method of any of embodiments 30-36, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the C_(max) of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 210% of a normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone.

41. The method of any of embodiments 30-36, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 410% of a normal baseline AUC of tadalafil.

42. The method of any of embodiments 30-36, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the a C_(max) of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 120% of a normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil.

43. The method of any of embodiments 30-42, wherein the patient is a poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizer.

44. A method of treating a disease or condition in a patient with a CYP3A4 substrate drug which is contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, wherein the patient is also in need of treatment with posaconazole, comprising:

(a) treating a patient with a therapeutically effective regimen of posaconazole to the patient;

(b) not administering the CYP3A4 substrate drug during the administration of the posaconazole regimen;

(c) for at least about 2-21 days after stopping the posaconazole regimen, treating the patient with, or prescribing, the CYP3A4 substrate drug at a dose which is no more than about 50% of the reference dose;

wherein the disease or condition treated with the CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia in adults and adolescents (13 to 17 years), depressive episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder (bipolar depression) in adults, as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate, chronic angina, cystic fibrosis in patients 6 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene, chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients with 17p deletion, who have received at least one prior therapy, unresectable or metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma in patients who received a prior anthracycline-containing regimen, advanced or metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer, negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for postmenopausal women, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis, hypercalcemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma or in patients with primary HPT for who parathyroidectomy would be indicated on the basis of serum calcium levels, but who are unable to undergo parathyroidectomy, hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis, schizophrenia, acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection as a component of a combination antiviral treatment regimen with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin in HCV genotype 1 infected subjects with compensated liver disease, postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (advanced HR+ BC), e.g., in combination with exemestane after failure of treatment with letrozole or anastrozole, progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin (PNET), progressive, well-differentiated, non-functional neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of gastrointestinal (GI) or lung origin that are unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), e.g., after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), not requiring immediate surgery, TSC in patients who have subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) that require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for surgical resection, type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control, major depressive disorder (MDD), thrombotic cardiovascular events (e.g., cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients who have undergone hip or knee replacement surgery, DVT, PE, recurrent DVT and PE following initial therapy, moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis in patients who have had inadequate response or tolerance to methotrexate, acute migraine with or without aura, chronic phase and accelerated phase Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) in newly diagnosed patients or in patients resistant to or intolerant to prior therapy that included imatinib, atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with a history of paroxysmal or persistant AF or atrial flutter (AFK), who are in sinus rhythm or will be cardioverted, asthma in patients aged 4 years and older, airflow obstruction and reducing exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) to improve exercise ability, gout flares, Familial Mediterranean fever antiretroviral therapy, anxiety disorders, panic disorders, seizures, insomnia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, cancer, such as primary kidney cancer, advanced primary liver cancer, radioactive iodine resistant advanced thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mantle cell lymphoma in patients who have received at least one prior therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with 17p deletion, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, marginal zone lymphoma who require systemic therapy and have received at least one prior anti-CD20-based therapy, unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation, allergies, transplantation, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, treatment of clinically significant hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia, including patients with heart failure and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC) including high-dose cisplatin, prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC), over-active bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (L858R) substitution mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test receiving first-line, maintenance, or second or greater line treatment after progression, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, in combination with gemcitabine, HER2-positive, metastatic breast cancer who previously received trastuzumab and a taxane, separately or in combination in patients who have either: received prior therapy for metastatic disease or developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing adjuvant therapy, chronic, accelerated, or blast phase Ph+ chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in adults with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after disease progression on or intolerance to imatinib mesylate, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), progressive, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease, CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection in patients 2 years of age and older weighing at least 10 kg in combination with other antiretroviral agents, advanced renal cell carcinoma, advanced soft tissue sarcoma who have received prior chemotherapy, manic and mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I, Major Depressive Disorder, irritability associated with Autistic Disorder, Tourette's disorder, agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar mania, advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of one prior systemic therapy, to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have inadequate control with dapagliflozin or who are already treated with dapagliflozin and saxagliptin, progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy, chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph+ ALL in adults for whom no other tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is indicated, T315I-positive CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase) or T315I-positive Philadelphia chromosome in adults, positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), invasive aspergillosis, invasive mucormycosis, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), schizophrenia in adults, hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine based therapy in postmenopausal women, or fulvestrant in women with disease progression following endocrine therapy, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), suppression of motor and phonic tics in patients with Tourette's Disorder who have failed to respond satisfactorily to standard treatment, treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease has not progressed after four cycles of platinum-based first-line chemotherapy, locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis (TS) who require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for curative surgical resection, renal angiomyolipoma, tuberous sclerosis complex, in combination with fulvestrant for the treatment of women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy, as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with HRpositive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy and prior chemotherapy in the metastatic setting, cystic fibrosis (CF) in patients age 2 years and older who have one mutation in the CFTR gene that is responsive to ivacaftor based on clinical and/or in vitro assay data, deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adult patients who have been treated with three or more prior lines of chemotherapy, intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera patients who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea, as an adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, cystic fibrosis (CF) patients aged 12 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation or who have at least one mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is responsive to tezacaftor/ivacaftor based on in vitro data and/or clinical evidence, metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an antiVEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients who have been previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have been previously treated with sorafenib, use with sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin, for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 or 3 infection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ROS1-positive as detected by an FDA-approved test, opioid induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g., weekly) opioid dosage escalation, unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, in combination with trametinib, for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test, adjuvant treatment of patients with melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, and involvement of lymph node(s), following complete resection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, locally advanced or metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) in patients with BRAF V600E mutation and with no satisfactory locoregional treatment options, and with or without ribavirin for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.

45. The method of embodiment 44, wherein said CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of lurasidone, ranolazine, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, venetoclax, trabectedin, ribociclib succinate, deflazacort, cinacalcet hydrochloride, pimavanserin tartrate, aripiprazole lauroxil, cariprazine hydrochloride, simeprevir sodium, everolimus, saxagliptin hydrochloride, saxagliptin/metformin hydrochloride, ticagrelor, vilazodone hydrochloride, apixaban, tofacitinib citrate, eletriptan hydrobromide, nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate, dronedarone hydrochloride, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate, rivaroxaban, tadalafil, ibrutinib, cobimetinib, colchicine, cabazitaxel, tolvaptan, fosaprepitant dimeglumine, aprepitant, solifenacin succinate, erlotinib hydrochloride, ado-trastuzumab ematansine, bosutinib monohydrate, sunitinib malate, fesoterodine fumarate, maraviroc, pazopanib hydrochloride, aripiprazole, axitinib, dapagliflozin/saxagliptin, cabozantinib S-malate, ponatinib hydrochloride, isavuconazonium sulfate, lomitapide mesylate, iloperidone, palbociclib, levomilnacipran hydrochloride, pimozide, pomalidomide, abemaciclib, ivacaftor, ruxolitinib phosphate, brexpiprazole, ivacaftor/tezacaftor, regorafenib, daclatasvir, crizotinib, naloxegol oxalate, dabrafenib, olaparib, elbasvir and grazoprevir.

46. The method of embodiment 45, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone.

47. The method of embodiment 45, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine.

48. The method of embodiment 45, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil.

49. The method of any of embodiments 44-48, wherein the patient is obese.

50. The method of embodiment 49, wherein the patient has at least one of the following characteristics:

i) BMI of at least about 35;

ii) % IBW of at least about 150%;

iii) waist size greater than about 42 inches;

iv) % body fat greater than about 40%;

v) total body fat greater than about 40 kg; and

vi) medically diagnosed as obese.

51. The method of any of embodiments 44-50, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the AUC of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline AUC of ranolazine to about 150% of the normal baseline AUC of ranolazine.

52. The method of any of embodiments 44-50, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the C_(max) of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine to about 150% of the normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine.

53. The method of any of embodiments 44-50, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the AUC of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline AUC of lurasidone to about 216% of the normal baseline AUC of lurasidone.

54. The method of any of embodiments 44-50, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the C_(max) of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone to about 210% of the normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone.

55. The method of any of embodiments 44-50, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 410% of a normal baseline AUC of tadalafil.

56. The method of any of embodiments 44-50, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the a C_(max) of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 120% of a normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil.

57. The method of embodiments 44-56, wherein the patient is a poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizer.

58. The method of embodiment 44, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine and the daily dose is no more than about 500 mg for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

59. A method of treating a patient in need thereof comprising delaying a first treatment of a CYP3A4 substrate drug until about 2-21 days after stopping administration of posaconazole.

60. The method of embodiment 59, wherein said CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of lurasidone, ranolazine, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, venetoclax, trabectedin, ribociclib succinate, deflazacort, cinacalcet hydrochloride, pimavanserin tartrate, aripiprazole lauroxil, cariprazine hydrochloride, simeprevir sodium, everolimus, saxagliptin hydrochloride, saxagliptin/metformin hydrochloride, ticagrelor, vilazodone hydrochloride, apixaban, tofacitinib citrate, eletriptan hydrobromide, nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate, dronedarone hydrochloride, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate, rivaroxaban, tadalafil, ibrutinib, cobimetinib, colchicine, cabazitaxel, tolvaptan, fosaprepitant dimeglumine, aprepitant, solifenacin succinate, erlotinib hydrochloride, ado-trastuzumab ematansine, bosutinib monohydrate, sunitinib malate, fesoterodine fumarate, maraviroc, pazopanib hydrochloride, aripiprazole, axitinib, dapagliflozin/saxagliptin, cabozantinib S-malate, ponatinib hydrochloride, isavuconazonium sulfate, lomitapide mesylate, iloperidone, palbociclib, levomilnacipran hydrochloride, pimozide, pomalidomide, abemaciclib, ivacaftor, ruxolitinib phosphate, brexpiprazole, ivacaftor/tezacaftor, regorafenib, daclatasvir, crizotinib, naloxegol oxalate, dabrafenib, olaparib, and elbasvir and grazoprevir.

61. The method of embodiment 60, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone.

62. The method of embodiment 60, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine.

63. The method of embodiment 60, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil.

64. The method of any of embodiments 59-63, wherein the patient is obese.

65. The method of embodiment 64, wherein the patient has at least one of the following characteristics:

i) BMI of at least about 35;

ii) % IBW of at least about 150%;

iii) waist size greater than about 42 inches;

iv) % body fat greater than about 40%;

v) total body fat greater than about 40 kg; and

vi) medically diagnosed as obese.

66. The method of any of embodiments 59-65, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the AUC of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of a normal baseline AUC of ranolazine.

67. The method of any of embodiments 59-65, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the C_(max) of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of a normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine.

68. The method of any of embodiments 59-65, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the AUC of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 216% of a normal baseline AUC of lurasidone.

68. The method of any of embodiments 59-65, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the C_(max) of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 210% of a normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone.

69. The method of any of embodiments 59-65, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 410% of a normal baseline AUC of tadalafil.

70. The method of any of embodiments 59-65, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the a C_(max) of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 120% of a normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil.

80. The method of embodiments 59-70, wherein the patient is a poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizer.

81. A method of treating a patient previously on posaconazole with a CYP3A4 substrate drug which is contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor comprising, delaying a first treatment, or prescribing a first treatment to be delayed, of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for at least about 2-21 days after posaconazole administration has ceased.

82. The method of embodiment 81, wherein said CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of lurasidone, ranolazine, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, venetoclax, trabectedin, ribociclib succinate, deflazacort, cinacalcet hydrochloride, pimavanserin tartrate, aripiprazole lauroxil, cariprazine hydrochloride, simeprevir sodium, everolimus, saxagliptin hydrochloride, saxagliptin/metformin hydrochloride, ticagrelor, vilazodone hydrochloride, apixaban, tofacitinib citrate, eletriptan hydrobromide, nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate, dronedarone hydrochloride, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate, rivaroxaban, tadalafil, ibrutinib, cobimetinib, colchicine, cabazitaxel, tolvaptan, fosaprepitant dimeglumine, aprepitant, solifenacin succinate, erlotinib hydrochloride, ado-trastuzumab ematansine, bosutinib monohydrate, sunitinib malate, fesoterodine fumarate, maraviroc, pazopanib hydrochloride, aripiprazole, axitinib, dapagliflozin/saxagliptin, cabozantinib S-malate, ponatinib hydrochloride, isavuconazonium sulfate, lomitapide mesylate, iloperidone, palbociclib, levomilnacipran hydrochloride, pimozide, pomalidomide, abemaciclib, ivacaftor, ruxolitinib phosphate, brexpiprazole, ivacaftor/tezacaftor, regorafenib, daclatasvir, crizotinib, naloxegol oxalate, dabrafenib, olaparib, and elbasvir and grazoprevir.

83. The method of embodiment 82, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone.

84. The method of embodiment 82, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine.

85. The method of embodiment 45, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil.

86. The method of any of embodiments 81-85, wherein the patient is obese.

87. The method of embodiment 86, wherein the patient has at least one of the following characteristics:

i) BMI of at least about 35;

ii) % IBW of at least about 150%;

iii) waist size greater than about 42 inches;

iv) % body fat greater than about 40%;

v) total body fat greater than about 40 kg; and

vi) medically diagnosed as obese.

88. The method of any of embodiments 81-87, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the AUC of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of a normal baseline AUC of ranolazine.

89. The method of any of embodiments 81-87, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the C_(max) of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of a normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine.

90. The method of any of embodiments 81-87, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the AUC of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 216% of a normal baseline AUC of lurasidone.

91. The method of any of embodiments 81-87, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the C_(max) of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 210% of a normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone.

92. The method of any of embodiments 81-87, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 410% of a normal baseline AUC of tadalafil.

93. The method of any of embodiments 81-87, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the a C_(max) of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 120% of a normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil.

94. The method of embodiments 81-93, wherein the patient is a poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizer.

95. A method of treating a patient with a CYP3A4 substrate drug contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, comprising treating the patient, or prescribing a treatment of, the CYP3A4 substrate drug at a dose which is less than or equal to about 50% of the reference dose for a period of at least about 2-21 days after stopping administration of posaconazole.

96. The method of embodiment 95, wherein said CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of lurasidone, ranolazine, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, venetoclax, trabectedin, ribociclib succinate, deflazacort, cinacalcet hydrochloride, pimavanserin tartrate, aripiprazole lauroxil, cariprazine hydrochloride, simeprevir sodium, everolimus, saxagliptin hydrochloride, saxagliptin/metformin hydrochloride, ticagrelor, vilazodone hydrochloride, apixaban, tofacitinib citrate, eletriptan hydrobromide, nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate, dronedarone hydrochloride, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate, rivaroxaban, tadalafil, ibrutinib, cobimetinib, colchicine, cabazitaxel, tolvaptan, fosaprepitant dimeglumine, aprepitant, solifenacin succinate, erlotinib hydrochloride, ado-trastuzumab ematansine, bosutinib monohydrate, sunitinib malate, fesoterodine fumarate, maraviroc, pazopanib hydrochloride, aripiprazole, axitinib, dapagliflozin/saxagliptin, cabozantinib S-malate, ponatinib hydrochloride, isavuconazonium sulfate, lomitapide mesylate, iloperidone, palbociclib, levomilnacipran hydrochloride, pimozide, pomalidomide, abemaciclib, ivacaftor, ruxolitinib phosphate, brexpiprazole, ivacaftor/tezacaftor, regorafenib, daclatasvir, crizotinib, naloxegol oxalate, dabrafenib, olaparib, and elbasvir and grazoprevir.

97. The method of embodiment 96, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone.

98. The method of embodiment 96, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine.

99. The method of embodiment 96, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil.

100. The method of any of embodiments 95-99, wherein the patient is obese.

101. The method of embodiment 100, wherein the patient has at least one of the following characteristics:

i) BMI of at least about 35;

ii) % IBW of at least about 150%;

iii) waist size greater than about 42 inches;

iv) % body fat greater than about 40%;

v) total body fat greater than about 40 kg; and

vi) medically diagnosed as obese.

102. The method of any of embodiments 95-101, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the AUC of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline AUC of ranolazine to about 150% of the normal baseline AUC of ranolazine.

103. The method of any of embodiments 95-101, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the C_(max) of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine to about 150% of the normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine.

104. The method of any of embodiments 95-101, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the AUC of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline AUC of lurasidone to about 216% of the normal baseline AUC of lurasidone.

105. The method of any of embodiments 95-101, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the C_(max) of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone to about 210% of the normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone.

106. The method of any of embodiments 95-101, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 410% of a normal baseline AUC of tadalafil.

107. The method of any of embodiments 95-101, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the a C_(max) of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 120% of a normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil.

108. The method of embodiments 95-107, wherein the patient is a poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizer.

109. The method of embodiment 95, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine and the daily dose is no more than about 500 mg for at least about 2-21 days after discontinuation of the posaconazole regimen.

110. A method of treating a disease or condition in a patient with a CYP3A4 substrate drug which is contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, comprising:

(a) delaying a first treatment, or prescribing a delay of the first treatment, of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for at least 2-21 days after stopping administration of posaconazole; and then

(b) administering the CYP3A4 substrate drug;

wherein the disease or condition treated with the CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia in adults and adolescents (13 to 17 years), depressive episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder (bipolar depression) in adults, as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate, chronic angina, cystic fibrosis in patients 6 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene, chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients with 17p deletion, who have received at least one prior therapy, unresectable or metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma in patients who received a prior anthracycline-containing regimen, advanced or metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer, negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for postmenopausal women, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis, hypercalcemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma or in patients with primary HPT for who parathyroidectomy would be indicated on the basis of serum calcium levels, but who are unable to undergo parathyroidectomy, hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis, schizophrenia, acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection as a component of a combination antiviral treatment regimen with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin in HCV genotype 1 infected subjects with compensated liver disease, postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (advanced HR+ BC), e.g., in combination with exemestane after failure of treatment with letrozole or anastrozole, progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin (PNET), progressive, well-differentiated, non-functional neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of gastrointestinal (GI) or lung origin that are unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), e.g., after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), not requiring immediate surgery, TSC in patients who have subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) that require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for surgical resection, type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control, major depressive disorder (MDD), thrombotic cardiovascular events (e.g., cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients who have undergone hip or knee replacement surgery, DVT, PE, recurrent DVT and PE following initial therapy, moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis in patients who have had inadequate response or tolerance to methotrexate, acute migraine with or without aura, chronic phase and accelerated phase Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) in newly diagnosed patients or in patients resistant to or intolerant to prior therapy that included imatinib, atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with a history of paroxysmal or persistant AF or atrial flutter (AFK), who are in sinus rhythm or will be cardioverted, asthma in patients aged 4 years and older, airflow obstruction and reducing exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) to improve exercise ability, gout flares, Familial Mediterranean fever, antiretroviral therapy, anxiety disorders, panic disorders, seizures, insomnia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, cancer, such as primary kidney cancer, advanced primary liver cancer, radioactive iodine resistant advanced thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mantle cell lymphoma in patients who have received at least one prior therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with 17p deletion, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, marginal zone lymphoma who require systemic therapy and have received at least one prior anti-CD20-based therapy, unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation, allergies, transplantation, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, treatment of clinically significant hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia, including patients with heart failure and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC) including high-dose cisplatin, prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC), over-active bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (L858R) substitution mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test receiving first-line, maintenance, or second or greater line treatment after progression, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, in combination with gemcitabine, HER2-positive, metastatic breast cancer who previously received trastuzumab and a taxane, separately or in combination in patients who have either: received prior therapy for metastatic disease or developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing adjuvant therapy, chronic, accelerated, or blast phase Ph+ chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in adults with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after disease progression on or intolerance to imatinib mesylate, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), progressive, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease, CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection in patients 2 years of age and older weighing at least 10 kg in combination with other antiretroviral agents, advanced renal cell carcinoma, advanced soft tissue sarcoma who have received prior chemotherapy, manic and mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I, Major Depressive Disorder, irritability associated with Autistic Disorder, Tourette's disorder, agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar mania, advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of one prior systemic therapy, to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have inadequate control with dapagliflozin or who are already treated with dapagliflozin and saxagliptin, progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy, chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph+ ALL in adults for whom no other tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is indicated, T315I-positive CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase) or T315I-positive Philadelphia chromosome in adults, positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), invasive aspergillosis, invasive mucormycosis, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), schizophrenia in adults, hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine based therapy in postmenopausal women, or fulvestrant in women with disease progression following endocrine therapy, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), suppression of motor and phonic tics in patients with Tourette's Disorder who have failed to respond satisfactorily to standard treatment, treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease has not progressed after four cycles of platinum-based first-line chemotherapy, locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis (TS) who require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for curative surgical resection, renal angiomyolipoma, tuberous sclerosis complex, in combination with fulvestrant for the treatment of women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy, as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with HRpositive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy and prior chemotherapy in the metastatic setting, cystic fibrosis (CF) in patients age 2 years and older who have one mutation in the CFTR gene that is responsive to ivacaftor based on clinical and/or in vitro assay data, deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adult patients who have been treated with three or more prior lines of chemotherapy, intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera patients who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea, as an adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, cystic fibrosis (CF) patients aged 12 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation or who have at least one mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is responsive to tezacaftor/ivacaftor based on in vitro data and/or clinical evidence, metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an antiVEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients who have been previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have been previously treated with sorafenib, use with sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin, for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 or 3 infection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ROS1-positive as detected by an FDA-approved test, opioid induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g., weekly) opioid dosage escalation, unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, in combination with trametinib, for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test, adjuvant treatment of patients with melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, and involvement of lymph node(s), following complete resection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, locally advanced or metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) in patients with BRAF V600E mutation and with no satisfactory locoregional treatment options, and with or without ribavirin for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.

111. The method of embodiment 110, wherein said CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of lurasidone, ranolazine, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, venetoclax, trabectedin, ribociclib succinate, deflazacort, cinacalcet hydrochloride, pimavanserin tartrate, aripiprazole lauroxil, cariprazine hydrochloride, simeprevir sodium, everolimus, saxagliptin hydrochloride, saxagliptin/metformin hydrochloride, ticagrelor, vilazodone hydrochloride, apixaban, tofacitinib citrate, eletriptan hydrobromide, nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate, dronedarone hydrochloride, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate, rivaroxaban, tadalafil, ibrutinib, cobimetinib, colchicine, cabazitaxel, tolvaptan, fosaprepitant dimeglumine, aprepitant, solifenacin succinate, erlotinib hydrochloride, ado-trastuzumab ematansine, bosutinib monohydrate, sunitinib malate, fesoterodine fumarate, maraviroc, pazopanib hydrochloride, aripiprazole, axitinib, dapagliflozin/saxagliptin, cabozantinib S-malate, ponatinib hydrochloride, isavuconazonium sulfate, lomitapide mesylate, iloperidone, palbociclib, levomilnacipran hydrochloride, pimozide, pomalidomide, abemaciclib, ivacaftor, ruxolitinib phosphate, brexpiprazole, ivacaftor/tezacaftor, regorafenib, daclatasvir, crizotinib, naloxegol oxalate, dabrafenib, olaparib, and elbasvir and grazoprevir.

112. The method of embodiment 111, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone.

113. The method of embodiment 111, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine.

114. The method of embodiment 111, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil.

115. The method of any of embodiments 110-114, wherein the patient is obese.

116. The method of embodiment 115, wherein the patient has at least one of the following characteristics:

i) BMI of at least about 35;

ii) % IBW of at least about 150%;

iii) waist size greater than about 42 inches;

iv) % body fat greater than about 40%;

v) total body fat greater than about 40 kg; and

vi) medically diagnosed as obese.

117. The method of any of embodiments 110-116, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the AUC of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of a normal baseline AUC of ranolazine.

118. The method of any of embodiments 110-116, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the C_(max) of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of a normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine.

119. The method of any of embodiments 110-116, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the AUC of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 216% of a normal baseline AUC of lurasidone.

120. The method of any of embodiments 110-116, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the C_(max) of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about 210% of a normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone.

121. The method of any of embodiments 110-116, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 410% of a normal baseline AUC of tadalafil.

122. The method of any of embodiments 110-116, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the a C_(max) of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 120% of a normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil.

123. The method of embodiments 110-122, wherein the patient is a poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizer.

124. A method of treating a patient with a CYP3A4 substrate drug which is contraindicated for concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, comprising:

(a) delaying a first treatment, or prescribing a delay in the first treatment, of the CYP3A4 substrate drug for at least about 2-21 days after stopping administration of the posaconazole regimen; and then

(d) treating the patient with the CYP3A4 substrate drug at a dose which is less than or equal to about 50% of the reference dose for at least about 2-21 days after stopping administration of the posaconazole regimen;

wherein the disease or condition treated with the CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia in adults and adolescents (13 to 17 years), depressive episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder (bipolar depression) in adults, as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate, chronic angina, cystic fibrosis in patients 6 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene, chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients with 17p deletion, who have received at least one prior therapy, unresectable or metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma in patients who received a prior anthracycline-containing regimen, advanced or metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer, negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for postmenopausal women, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis, hypercalcemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma or in patients with primary HPT for who parathyroidectomy would be indicated on the basis of serum calcium levels, but who are unable to undergo parathyroidectomy, hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis, schizophrenia, acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection as a component of a combination antiviral treatment regimen with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin in HCV genotype 1 infected subjects with compensated liver disease, postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer (advanced HR+ BC), e.g., in combination with exemestane after failure of treatment with letrozole or anastrozole, progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin (PNET), progressive, well-differentiated, non-functional neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of gastrointestinal (GI) or lung origin that are unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), e.g., after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), not requiring immediate surgery, TSC in patients who have subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) that require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for surgical resection, type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control, major depressive disorder (MDD), thrombotic cardiovascular events (e.g., cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients who have undergone hip or knee replacement surgery, DVT, PE, recurrent DVT and PE following initial therapy, moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis in patients who have had inadequate response or tolerance to methotrexate, acute migraine with or without aura, chronic phase and accelerated phase Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) in newly diagnosed patients or in patients resistant to or intolerant to prior therapy that included imatinib, atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with a history of paroxysmal or persistant AF or atrial flutter (AFK), who are in sinus rhythm or will be cardioverted, asthma in patients aged 4 years and older, airflow obstruction and reducing exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (WHO Group 1) to improve exercise ability, gout flares, Familial Mediterranean fever, antiretroviral therapy, anxiety disorders, panic disorders, seizures, insomnia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, cancer, such as primary kidney cancer, advanced primary liver cancer, radioactive iodine resistant advanced thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mantle cell lymphoma in patients who have received at least one prior therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with 17p deletion, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, marginal zone lymphoma who require systemic therapy and have received at least one prior anti-CD20-based therapy, unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation, allergies, transplantation, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel-containing treatment regimen, treatment of clinically significant hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia, including patients with heart failure and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (HEC) including high-dose cisplatin, prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy (MEC), over-active bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (L858R) substitution mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test receiving first-line, maintenance, or second or greater line treatment after progression, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, in combination with gemcitabine, HER2-positive, metastatic breast cancer who previously received trastuzumab and a taxane, separately or in combination in patients who have either: received prior therapy for metastatic disease or developed disease recurrence during or within six months of completing adjuvant therapy, chronic, accelerated, or blast phase Ph+ chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in adults with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after disease progression on or intolerance to imatinib mesylate, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), progressive, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease, CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection in patients 2 years of age and older weighing at least 10 kg in combination with other antiretroviral agents, advanced renal cell carcinoma, advanced soft tissue sarcoma who have received prior chemotherapy, manic and mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I, Major Depressive Disorder, irritability associated with Autistic Disorder, Tourette's disorder, agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar mania, advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of one prior systemic therapy, to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have inadequate control with dapagliflozin or who are already treated with dapagliflozin and saxagliptin, progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy, chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Ph+ ALL in adults for whom no other tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is indicated, T315I-positive CML (chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase) or T315I-positive Philadelphia chromosome in adults, positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), invasive aspergillosis, invasive mucormycosis, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), schizophrenia in adults, hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine based therapy in postmenopausal women, or fulvestrant in women with disease progression following endocrine therapy, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), suppression of motor and phonic tics in patients with Tourette's Disorder who have failed to respond satisfactorily to standard treatment, treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who have received at least two prior therapies including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor and have demonstrated disease progression on or within 60 days of completion of the last therapy, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease has not progressed after four cycles of platinum-based first-line chemotherapy, locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer, overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency, advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis (TS) who require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for curative surgical resection, renal angiomyolipoma, tuberous sclerosis complex, in combination with fulvestrant for the treatment of women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy, as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with HRpositive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy and prior chemotherapy in the metastatic setting, cystic fibrosis (CF) in patients age 2 years and older who have one mutation in the CFTR gene that is responsive to ivacaftor based on clinical and/or in vitro assay data, deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adult patients who have been treated with three or more prior lines of chemotherapy, intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera patients who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea, as an adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, cystic fibrosis (CF) patients aged 12 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation or who have at least one mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is responsive to tezacaftor/ivacaftor based on in vitro data and/or clinical evidence, metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an antiVEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients who have been previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have been previously treated with sorafenib, use with sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin, for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 or 3 infection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ROS1-positive as detected by an FDA-approved test, opioid induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g., weekly) opioid dosage escalation, unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, in combination with trametinib, for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test, adjuvant treatment of patients with melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, and involvement of lymph node(s), following complete resection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, locally advanced or metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) in patients with BRAF V600E mutation and with no satisfactory locoregional treatment options, and with or without ribavirin for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.

125. The method of embodiment 124, wherein said CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of lurasidone, ranolazine, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, venetoclax, trabectedin, ribociclib succinate, deflazacort, cinacalcet hydrochloride, pimavanserin tartrate, aripiprazole lauroxil, cariprazine hydrochloride, simeprevir sodium, everolimus, saxagliptin hydrochloride, saxagliptin/metformin hydrochloride, ticagrelor, vilazodone hydrochloride, apixaban, tofacitinib citrate, eletriptan hydrobromide, nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate, dronedarone hydrochloride, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate, rivaroxaban, tadalafil, ibrutinib, cobimetinib, colchicine, cabazitaxel, tolvaptan, fosaprepitant dimeglumine, aprepitant, solifenacin succinate, erlotinib hydrochloride, ado-trastuzumab ematansine, bosutinib monohydrate, sunitinib malate, fesoterodine fumarate, maraviroc, pazopanib hydrochloride, aripiprazole, axitinib, dapagliflozin/saxagliptin, cabozantinib S-malate, ponatinib hydrochloride, isavuconazonium sulfate, lomitapide mesylate, iloperidone, palbociclib, levomilnacipran hydrochloride, pimozide, pomalidomide, abemaciclib, ivacaftor, ruxolitinib phosphate, brexpiprazole, ivacaftor/tezacaftor, regorafenib, daclatasvir, crizotinib, naloxegol oxalate, dabrafenib, olaparib, and elbasvir and grazoprevir.

126. The method of embodiment 125, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone.

127. The method of embodiment 125, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine.

128. The method of embodiment 125, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil.

129. The method of any of embodiments 124-128, wherein the patient is obese.

130. The method of embodiment 129, wherein the patient has at least one of the following characteristics:

i) BMI of at least about 35;

ii) % IBW of at least about 150%;

iii) waist size greater than about 42 inches;

iv) % body fat greater than about 40%;

v) total body fat greater than about 40 kg; and

vi) medically diagnosed as obese.

131. The method of any of embodiments 124-132, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the AUC of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline AUC of ranolazine to about 150% of the normal baseline AUC of ranolazine.

132. The method of any of embodiments 124-132, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ranolazine, and the C_(max) of ranolazine is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine to about 150% of the normal baseline C_(max) of ranolazine.

133. The method of any of embodiments 124-132, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the AUC of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline AUC of lurasidone to about 216% of the normal baseline AUC of lurasidone.

134. The method of any of embodiments 124-132, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is lurasidone, and the C_(max) of lurasidone is maintained at a level of no more than about a normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone to about 210% of the normal baseline C_(max) of lurasidone.

135. The method of any of embodiments 124-132, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the AUC of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 410% of a normal baseline AUC of tadalafil.

136. The method of any of embodiments 124-132, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is tadalafil, and the a C_(max) of tadalafil is maintained at a level of no more than about 120% of a normal baseline C_(max) of tadalafil.

137. The method of any one of embodiments 134-136, wherein the patient is a poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizer.

138. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is erlotinib.

139. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is solifenacin succinate.

140. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is everolimus.

141, The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is abemaciclib.

142. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ivacaftor.

143. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ruxolitinib phosphate.

144. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is brexpiprazole.

145. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is ivacaftor/tezacaftor.

146. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is regorafenib.

147. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is daclatasvir.

148. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is crizotinib.

149. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is naloxegol oxalate.

150. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is dabrafenib.

151. The method of any of embodiments 2, 16, 31, 45, 60, 82, 96, 111, or 125, wherein the wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is elbasvir and grazoprevir.

152. The method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 6, 7, 14-16, 20, 21, 28-31, 35, 36, 43-45, 49, 50, 57-60, 64, 65, 80-82, 86, 87, 94-96, 100, 101, 108-111, 115, 116, 123-125, 129, 130, or 137-140, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is erlotinib, and the AUC of erlotinib is maintained at a level of no more than about 164% of the normal baseline AUC of erlotinib.

153. The method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 6, 7, 14-16, 20, 21, 28-31, 35, 36, 43-45, 49, 50, 57-60, 64, 65, 80-82, 86, 87, 94-96, 100, 101, 108-111, 115, 116, 123-125, 129, 130, or 137-140, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is erlotinib, and the C_(max) of erlotinib is maintained at a level of no more than about 167% of the normal baseline C_(max) of erlotinib.

154. The method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 6, 7, 14-16, 20, 21, 28-31, 35, 36, 43-45, 49, 50, 57-60, 64, 65, 80-82, 86, 87, 94-96, 100, 101, 108-111, 115, 116, 123-125, 129, 130, or 137-140, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is solifenacin succinate, and the AUC of solifenacin succinate is maintained at a level of no more than about 270% of the normal baseline AUC of solifenacin succinate.

155. The method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 6, 7, 14-16, 20, 21, 28-31, 35, 36, 43-45, 49, 50, 57-60, 64, 65, 80-82, 86, 87, 94-96, 100, 101, 108-111, 115, 116, 123-125, 129, 130, or 137-140, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is solifenacin succinate, and the C_(max) of solifenacin succinate is maintained at a level of no more than about 150% of the normal baseline C_(max) of solifenacin succinate.

156. The method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 6, 7, 14-16, 20, 21, 28-31, 35, 36, 43-45, 49, 50, 57-60, 64, 65, 80-82, 86, 87, 94-96, 100, 101, 108-111, 115, 116, 123-125, 129, 130, or 137-140, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is everolimus, and the AUC of everolimus is maintained at a level of no more than about 440% of a normal baseline AUC of everolimus.

157. The method of any of embodiments 1, 2, 6, 7, 14-16, 20, 21, 28-31, 35, 36, 43-45, 49, 50, 57-60, 64, 65, 80-82, 86, 87, 94-96, 100, 101, 108-111, 115, 116, 123-125, 129, 130, or 137-140, wherein the CYP3A4 substrate drug is everolimus, and the a C_(max) of everolimus is maintained at a level of no more than about 200% of a normal baseline C_(max) of everolimus.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Pharmacokinetic Studies with Posaconazole and Lurasidone

Inventors studied 6 obese male and female subjects (ages 18-50, BMI>35) taking Posaconazole oral tablets (300 mg qd) and Lurasidone (20 mg qd). Body weights and BMI measurements for the 6 subjects are provided below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Subject Demographics Subject # Weight (kg) BMI (kg/m²) 101-001 111.8 45 101-002 136.8 44.4 101-005 137.7 51.2 101-007 103.7 36.8 101-008 122.3 39.8 101-010 120.0 43.9

Subjects were dosed with Lurasidone alone on Day 1, then subsequently dosed to steady-state Posaconazole levels, with a loading dose of 300 mg twice a day on Day 2 and 300 mg once a day thereafter over a period of 14 days. Posaconazole administration was then stopped and Lurasidone (20 mg qd) administered 2, 4, and 6 days after administration had ceased (studies days 17, 19, and 21 respectively). Lurasidone AUC was measured for 24 hours after each administration. Table 2 shows subject Lurasidone AUC levels 2, 4 and 6 days after Posaconazole was stopped, Posaconazole AUC levels 2, 4, and 6 days after Posaconazole was stopped, and the ratio of post-Posaconazole Lurasidone AUC to the baseline Lurasidone AUC measured before Posaconazole treatment:

TABLE 2 Posaconazole AUC Lurasidone AUC Ratio Subject Data Lurasidone AUC (ng * h/mL) (ng * h/mL) relative to Day 1 BMI Weight Subject Day 1 Day 17 Day 19 Day 21 Day 17 Day 19 Day 21 Day 17 Day 19 Day 21 (kg/m²) (kg) HMS001 101- 92.8 284 234.4 204.5 2886 2019 1365 3.06 2.53 2.20 45.0 111.8 001 DES005 101- 26 167.3 186 168 2512 1954 1563 6.43 7.15 6.46 51.2 137.7 005 TRB007 101- 38.3 173.8 89.5 124.7 824 542 285 4.54 2.34 3.26 36.8 103.7 007 NNJ010 101- 71 211.7 163 226 4551 3688 3081 2.98 2.30 3.18 43.9 120.0 010 KDH002 101- 110 195.5 146 186.3 1299 626 284 1.78 1.33 1.69 44.4 136.8 002 DTG008 101- 45.6 57 36.2 27.8 190 78 31 1.25 0.79 0.61 39.8 122.3 008

Table 3 compares Lurasidone AUC levels after Posaconazole treatment to baseline Lurasidone AUC levels.

TABLE 3 Lurasidone Levels vs. Base Line Days After Posaconazole Was Ceased Day 2 Day 4 Day 6 Mean 3.3x 2.7x 2.9x Min 1.3x 0.8x 0.6x Max 6.4x 7.2x 6.5x Median 3.0x 2.3x 2.7x

As shown above in Table 3, the post-Posaconazole treatment mean AUC ratios of Lurasidone are about 3 times higher than the baseline. This data indicates that Posaconazole accumulates in obese subjects, and results in significantly higher Lurasidone AUC levels compared to baseline levels measured before Posaconazole treatment.

The AUC measurements from two patients (DTG008 and KDH002) indicates that these patients were non-compliant with the Posaconazole treatment regimen, and the corresponding AUC measurements were removed from the study. The results are shown below in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Lurasidone Levels vs. Base Line Days After Posaconazole Was Ceased Excluding DTG008 & KDH002 Day 2 Day 4 Day 6 Mean 4.3x 3.6x 3.8x Min 3.0x 2.3x 2.2x Max 6.4x 7.2x 6.5x Median 3.8x 2.4x 3.2x

These results indicate that post-Posaconazole treatment mean AUC ratio values for Lurasidone are in the range of from 3.6-4.3× for 2-6 days after ceasing Posaconazole treatment.

In conclusion, the results from the clinical trials reported in Example 1 indicate that the Posaconazole accumulates in the body of obese patients after treatment has stopped, and patients should delay a first dose of Lurasidone or reduce the first dose of Lurasidone to achieve safe blood plasma levels of Lurasidone.

Example 2. Sustained Impairment of Lurasidone Clearance after Discontinuation of Posaconazole. Impact of Obesity, and Implications for Patient Safety

The following studies were reported by Greenblatt et al., J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2018; 38(4):289-295 (doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000892), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

The antipsychotic agent lurasidone is metabolized by Cytochrome P450-3A (CYP3A) enzymes. Coadministration with strong CYP3A inhibitors (such as ketoconazole, posaconazole, and ritonavir) is contraindicated due to the risk of sedation and movement disorders from high levels of lurasidone. This study evaluated the time-course of recovery from the posaconazole drug interaction, and the effect of obesity on the recovery process.

With posaconazole coadministration, lurasidone area under the concentration curve (AUC) increased by an arithmetic mean factor of 6.2 in normals, and by 4.9 in obese subjects. Post-treatment washout of posaconazole was slow in normals (mean half-life 31 hours), and further prolonged in obese subjects (53 hours). Recovery of lurasidone AUC toward baseline was correspondingly slow, and was incomplete. AUC remained significantly elevated above baseline both in normals (factor of 2.1) and obese subjects (factor of 3.4) even at 2 weeks after stopping posaconazole.

Product labeling does not address the necessary delay after discontinuation of a strong CYP3A inhibitor before lurasidone can be safely administered. It is recommended that normal-weight and obese patients be required to limit the dosage of lurasidone, or undergo a washout period after discontinuation of posaconazole, as set forth in the present disclosure.

Methods. Study Site and Institutional Review Board. The study was conducted at Avail Clinical Research, located in DeLand, Fla. The study protocol and consent document were reviewed and approved by IntegReview, Austin, Tex. All study participants provided written informed consent prior to initiation of any study procedures. In addition, this study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and applicable regulatory requirements.

Subjects. The study participants consisted of two cohorts, with a total of 34 subjects receiving at least one dose of study drug, and a total of 24 subjects completing the entire study with evaluable pharmacokinetic data. In the first cohort were those of normal body habitus (n=11 completed; BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m², inclusive); the second group consisted of subjects of obese body habitus (n=13 completed; BMI≥35 kg/m²). Subjects were previously known to the research center, or were recruited through notices in the public media. Subjects were matched by gender and age when possible. Sample sizes were based on power calculations.

Potential participants underwent screening and evaluation within 30 days of study initiation. Procedures included medical and psychiatric history, physical examination, electrocardiogram if indicated, hematologic and biochemical screening (including liver function tests such as alanine transaminase, asparagine transaminase, and bilirubin), and urine testing for drugs of abuse. All study participants were healthy, active, non-smoking adults with no history of significant medical or psychiatric disease and taking no prescription medications. Obese subjects were free of metabolic or other complications of obesity. Potentially child-bearing women in both groups had negative pregnancy tests and agreed to avoid the risk of pregnancy during the course of the study. Subjects were instructed to avoid alcohol use throughout the course of the study and underwent a breath alcohol analysis prior to initiation of the study protocol.

Subjects' waist circumference was measured manually. Percent android fat for all subjects was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). For three subjects whose weight exceeded the limits of the DXA instrumentation, percent android fat was imputed using population data available from the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES). Total android fat (termed total body fat) was calculated as the product of body weight and percent android fat. Ideal body weight (IBW) was determined from actuarial data based on height and gender, and percent ideal body weight calculated as the ratio of actualweight divided by IBW.

Procedures. Subjects received lurasidone (20 mg tablet) on the mornings of study Days 1, 14, 20, 23, 26, and 30. Lurasidone doses were given immediately prior to a continental breakfast provided in the clinical research unit. Venous blood samples were drawn into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-containing tubes from an indwelling catheter, or by separate venipuncture, prior to the lurasidone dose and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-dose. Samples were centrifuged and the plasma was separated and frozen at −70° C. until the time of assay.

On study Day 4, subjects received two doses of posaconazole (300 mg BID). On the mornings of Days 5-17, they received posaconazole 300 mg once daily. As posaconazole is to be taken with food, subjects were fed a continental breakfast in the clinical research unit after receiving posaconazole and prior to discharge from the unit. Venous blood samples were drawn into EDTA containing tubes prior to the posaconazole dose on Days 4, 7, 11, and prior to the lurasidone dose on Days 14, 20, 23, 26 and 30. An additional blood sample was taken 5 hours after posaconazole dosage on Day 17, for approximate determination of maximum posaconazole plasma concentrations, and on Day 33. Samples were centrifuged and the plasma was separated and frozen at −70° C. until the time of assay.

Analytic Methods. All bioassay analyses were performed by Keystone Bioanalytical, North Wales, Pa. For analysis of posaconazole, the internal standard (posaconazole-D4) was added to the biological samples. Plasma samples were precipitated using formic acid in acetonitrile and isolated using a Phree phospholipid removal tube. An aliquot of the sample was injected onto a high-pressure liquid chromatograph with tandem mass spectrometry triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (SCIEX API-5500). The analytical column was a Unison CK-218, 3 μm particle size HPLC column (50×2 mm) from Imtakt USA (Portland, Oreg.). The mobile phase consisted of an aqueous component (0.25% formic acid and 10 mM ammonium formate in water) and an organic component (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) and was delivered by gradient, with the organic component going from 35% to 100%. The m/z transitions monitored were 701.6>614.4 for posaconazole and 705.6>618.4 for the internal standard. The calibration curve ranged from 1-1000 ng/mL (8 concentrations in duplicate).

For analysis of lurasidone, the internal standard (lurasidone-D8) was added to the biological samples. Plasma samples were isolated using a Phree phospholipid removal tube. An aliquot of the sample was injected onto a high-pressure liquid chromatograph with tandem mass spectrometry triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (SCIEX API-5500). The analytical column was a Unison UK-C18, 3 μm particle size HPLC column (50×2 mm) from Imtakt USA (Portland, Oreg.). The mobile phase consisted of an aqueous component (0.025% formic acid and 10 mM ammonium formate in water) and an organic component (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) and was delivered by gradient, with the organic component going from 35% to 100%. The m/z transitions monitored were 493.4>166.1 for lurasidone and 501.4>166.1 for the internal standard. The calibration curve ranged from 0.25-200 ng/mL (8 concentrations in duplicate).

Pharmacokinetic and Statistical Methods. For each subject, pre-dose plasma posaconazole concentrations on study Days 14 and 17 were averaged, and used as a steady-state concentration (C_(ss)) to calculate apparent steady-state clearance of posaconazole according to the relation: Clearance=(dosing rate)/C_(ss). The apparent washout half-life of posaconazole was calculated by log-linear regression analysis starting with the plasma concentration on Day 20 and ending with the last non-zero value. Differences between normal-weight and obese cohorts were evaluated by Student's t-test for independent groups. The relation between measures of body habitus and posaconazole washout half-life for individual subjects was evaluated by linear regression analysis.

For each lurasidone trial for each subject, the terminal log-linear phase of the plasma concentration curve was identified visually, and the terminal rate constant (beta) was determined by log-linear regression analysis. This was used to calculate the elimination half-life. Area under the plasma concentration curve from time zero until the last non-zero point was determined by the linear trapezoidal method. To this was added the residual area, calculated as the final non-zero concentration divided by beta, yielding the total area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC). Also tabulated was the observed maximum plasma concentration (C_(max)). AUC and C_(max) both were adjusted, where necessary, for non-zero baseline (pre-dose) concentrations measured in some subjects on the Day 20, 23, 26, and 30 trials.

Variables were aggregated as arithmetic mean and SD or SE. Lurasidone C_(max) and AUC were also aggregated as geometric mean and 90% confidence interval (90% CI). Differences in kinetic variables between study Day 1 and Days 14, 20, 23, 26, and 30 (control vs after posaconazole administration) were evaluated either from the untransformed data using Dunnett's t-test, or by comparison of geometric means and the 90% CI of the difference.

The relation between lurasidone AUC and plasma posaconazole concentration for individual subjects across the 5 DDI trials (Days 14, 20, 23, 26, and 30) was analyzed by nonlinear regression (SAS PROC NLIN). The following function was fitted to data points:

Y=Y ₀ +BX ^(A)

where Y is the lurasidone AUC value corresponding to X, the plasma posaconazole concentration at the start of relevant AUC measurement period. Iterated variables were: Y₀, A, and B.

Results

Subject Characteristics. Screening procedures yielded 34 subjects who were potential study participants. Of these, 8 initiated participation but did not complete the study for personal or administrative reasons not related to the study or study medications. Data from 2 other subjects could not be analyzed due to apparent protocol deviations. A total of 24 subjects (11 normal-weight and 13 obese) completed the study and were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis (Table 5). The groups were comparable in age, gender composition, height, and IBW. The obese group had significantly higher values of weight, percent IBW, BMI, waist circumference, percent android fat, and total body (android) fat (Table 5). The mean weight in the obese group s 140 kg (309 pounds), and the mean BMI was 49.3 kg.

TABLE 5 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS Independent Normal- t-test: weight* Obese* Normal vs obese Number 11 13 Age (years) 34 ± 8 33 ± 7 N.S. Male/female 6/5 6/7 Weight (Kg) 67.9 ± 9.1 140.4 ± 32  P < 0.001 (Pounds) 149 ± 29 309 ± 70 P < 0.001 Height (Cm) 171 ± 10 168 ± 11 N.S. (Inches) 67.3 ± 4.0 66.3 ± 4.3 N.S. BMI (kg/m²) 23.1 ± 1.8 49.3 ± 9.6 P < 0.001 Waist circumference (Cm) 80.4 ± 6.8 129.3 ± 22.4 P < 0.001 (Inches) 31.7 ± 2.7 50.9 ± 8.8 P < 0.001 Ideal body weight (kg)  64.5 ± 12.3  61.9 ± 11.4 N.S. Percent ideal body 106 ± 11 230 ± 46 P < 0.001 weight Percent android fat  33 ± 12 66 ± 4 P < 0.001 Total body fat (kg) 22.5 ± 8.0  81.3 ± 25.8 P < 0.001 *Mean ± SD

Adverse Events. Five subjects experienced adverse events considered possibly or probably related to one or both study medications. These were gastrointestinal disturbances in two cases, and one each of dry mouth, somnolence, and headache. All resolved without specific treatment.

Posaconazole Pharmacokinetics. Plasma posaconazole concentrations had reached steady-state by study Day 14 (FIG. 1). Mean C_(ss) was significantly lower, and posaconazole clearance was significantly higher, in the obese cohort compared to controls (Table 6). However, weight-normalized posaconazole clearance was not significantly different between the groups.

Washout of posaconazole after discontinuation of treatment was significantly slower in the obese group compared to controls (P<0.005) (FIG. 1). Mean washout half-life values in the two groups were 2.19 days (52.5 hours) and 1.28 days (31 hours), respectively (Table 6). Among all subjects, the correlation between posaconazole washout half-life and each of the measures of body habitus was statistically significant, but the degree of obesity explained only a small fraction of variance in washout half-life(r2<0.32). The attenuated associations were in part attributable to two obese subjects with very long half-life values (121 hours).

TABLE 6 POSACONAZOLE PHARMACOKINETICS Mean ± SD value for Group: Value of Student's t: Normal Obese Normal vs Obese Steady-state 2377 ± 1188 1462 ± 649   3.33 (P < 0.005) concentration (ng/mL) Steady-state clearance mL/min 101 ± 71  175 ± 91  2.19 (P < 0.04) mL/min/kg 1.48 ± 1.02 1.25 ± 0.61 N.S. Washout  31 ± 6.7 52.5 ± 31.1 2.25 (P < 0.04) half-life (hours)

Lurasidone Pharmacokinetics. Coadministration of lurasidone with posaconazole resulted in a highly significant increase in lurasidone C_(max) and AUC (FIG. 2, Table 7). Comparing Day 14 values to the Day 1 pre-posaconazole values based on ratio of geometric means, C_(max) increased by a factor of 4.0 in normal-weight subjects and by 2.9 in the obese subjects. Corresponding increases in AUC were greater than increases in C_(max). Geometric mean AUC increased by a factor of 5.75 in the normal-weight cohort, and by 4.34 in the obese cohort (Table 7). When calculated as arithmetic mean ratios, values were 6.2 in controls and 4.9 in obese subjects.

TABLE 7 SUMMARY OF LURASIDONE PHARMACOKINETICS Ratio of geometric Arithmetic mean ± standard error Geometric mean (90% CI) means (RGM) vs Day 1 (90% CI) Corrected Cmax (ng/mL) Corrected Cmax (ng/mL) Corrected Cmax Normal Obese Normal Obese Normal Obese Day 1 17.1 ± 1.6  19.8 ± 4 16.3 (13.5-19.6) 15.1 (10.2-22.6) Day 14 69.4 ± 8.3*  47.0 ± 5* 65.2 (53.5-79.5) 44.1 (35.9-54.2) Day 14 4.00 (3.09-5.19) 2.91 (1.89-4.47) Day 20 55.9 ± 7.8*  40.0 ± 5* 48.6 (34.6-68.4) 36.6 (29-46.3)   Day 20 2.98 (2.06-4.33) 2.42 (1.55-3.76) Day 23 42.5 ± 6.3* 30.0 ± 3 37.8 (28.5-50.2) 28.0 (22.7-34.6) Day 23 2.32 (1.68-3.21) 1.85 (1.2-2.84)  Day 26 32.2 ± 6.6  30.0 ± 4 26.5 (18.3-30.9) 26.9 (21-34.5)   Day 26 1.63 (1.1-2.4)  1.78 (1.13-2.79) Day 30 26.2 ± 3.2    25.0 ± 4.4 24.0 (18.6-30.9) 21.6 (16.4-28.4) Day 30 1.47 (1.09-1.99) 1.42 (0.89-2.26) Total AUC (ng/mL × hr) Total AUC (ng/mL × hr) Total AUC Normal Obese Normal Obese Normal Obese Day 1 57.9 ± 5.8  50.8 ± 9    54.5 (43.3-68.6)  42.0 (30.4-57.9) Day 14 333 ± 24* 205 ± 19* 324 (282-372) 195 (166-230) Day 14 5.94 (4.64-7.46) 4.66 (3.28-6.59) Day 20 265 ± 34* 217 ± 20* 237 (175-321) 205 (173-244) Day 20 4.34 (3-6.28)   4.90 (3.45-6.96) Day 23 204 ± 27* 170 ± 17* 184 (139-242) 160 (133-193) Day 23 3.38 (2.39-4.78) 3.82 (2.68-5.47) Day 26 148 ± 27* 152 ± 19* 122 (83-179)  140 (113-173) Day 26 2.24 (1.45-3.46) 3.33 (2.3-4.83)  Day 30 129 ± 20* 150 ± 17* 114 (85-154)  140 (116-170) Day 30 2.10 (1.46-3.01) 3.34 (2.33-4.78) *P < 0.05 compared to Day 1 value, Dunnett's t test

Kinetic variables for lurasidone recovered toward the pre-posaconazole baseline values during the posaconazole washout period. Based on ratios of geometric mean values versus the Day 1 baseline, C_(max) remained elevated above Day 1 even on Day 30 (ratio=1.47, 90% CI=1.09-1.99) in the normal-weight control subjects. In the obese cohort, C_(max) remained above baseline up to Day 26. Recovery of AUC in both groups was even less complete, with Day 30 ratios of 1.9 in the normal-weight group and 2.8 in the obese subjects (arithmetic mean ratios: 2.1 and 3.4, respectively). Consistent with the slower washout of posaconazole in the obese group, the rate of recovery of lurasidone AUC toward baseline values was correspondingly slower in the obese cohort compared to controls (FIG. 3).

Baseline values of lurasidone elimination half-life averaged 9.4 hours in normal-weight subjects and 10.9 hours in the obese group. These values are in the range of what has been reported previously. The half-life values were significantly prolonged during and after administration of posaconazole, and were still substantially longer than baseline values even on the Day 30 trial (FIG. 2, Table 8). Mean half-life values were longer in obese subjects compared to controls. However, half-life determinations were complicated by estimates that exceeded the sampling duration in some subjects.

TABLE 8 LURASIDONE ELIMINATION HALF-LIFE (HOURS) Arithmetic mean ± S.E. Normal Obese Day 1 9.4 ± 1.5 10.9 ± 4   Day 14 37 ± 4* 38 ± 2* Day 20 39 ± 3* 48 ± 4* Day 23 48 ± 5* 52 ± 3* Day 26 50 ± 7* 61 ± 4* Day 30 45 ± 9* 71 ± 5* *P < 0.05 compared to Day 1 based on Dunnett's t test

Relation of Plasma Posaconazole to Lurasidone AUC. Based on analysis of data from all subjects, individual variations in plasma posaconazole concentrations accounted for 66% of the variance in lurasidone AUC at the corresponding times (r²=0.66), indicating that posaconazole exposure is a principal determinant of the magnitude of the posaconazole-lurasidone DDI (FIG. 4).

Discussion. The present study evaluated the pharmacokinetic DDI between lurasidone as victim (substrate) and the strong CYP3A inhibitor posaconazole as perpetrator (precipitant), both in volunteers of normal body weight and in an otherwise healthy group of subjects with BMI≥35 kg/m2. A particular focus of the study was the time-course of recovery from the DDI during the two weeks after discontinuation of posaconazole.

Coadministration of lurasidone with typical doses of posaconazole resulted in increased lurasidone exposure (total AUC) by a factor averaging in the range of 4 to 6 in both groups of subjects. After posaconazole was discontinued, the effect on lurasidone exposure did not return quickly to baseline. Rather, the DDI persisted for at least 2 weeks after the last dose of posaconazole, and probably well beyond the study duration. The slow recovery from the DDI was consistent with the long elimination half-life of posaconazole. With all data aggregated, plasma posaconazole concentration accounted for 66% of the variability in lurasidone AUC associated with the DDI.

The pharmacokinetic properties of posaconazole were significantly modified in the cohort of obese subjects compared to those of normal body size. The clearance of posaconazole—not corrected for body weight—was higher in obese subjects compared to controls, resulting in lower values of C_(ss) when the same daily dosage was administered to both groups. Despite the higher clearance, the washout half-life was significantly prolonged in the obese subjects compared to controls. This is likely explained by the disproportionate distribution of the lipophilic drug posaconazole into excess adipose tissue, thereby causing a prolongation of elimination half-life. As a result of the longer half-life and persistence of posaconazole in blood, the duration of the lurasidone DDI was correspondingly longer. At two weeks after the last dose of posaconazole, lurasidone AUC was still elevated above baseline by a mean factor of 3.3 in the obese subject group.

This study involved a relatively small number of subjects, but the findings were statistically robust. Although lurasidone was administered as single test doses, the kinetics of lurasidone are linear, and single-dose kinetic properties will be predictive of behavior during multiple dosing as is customary in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Conclusions. The posaconazole-lurasidone DDI persists long after posaconazole is discontinued, resulting in a sustained risk of a potentially hazardous DDI. The duration of persistent risk is further prolonged in obese individuals due to the effect of obesity on the elimination kinetics of posaconazole. Revision of product labeling is needed to assure patient safety. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended to require normal-weight and obese patients to limit the dosage of lurasidone, or undergo a washout period, as set forth in the present disclosure.

Example 3. Persistence of a Posaconazole-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction with Ranolazine after Cessation of Posaconazole Administration: Impact of Obesity and Implications for Patient Safety

The following studies were reported by Chow et al., J. Clin. Pharmacology. 2018; 0(0):1-7 (doi: 10.1002/jcph.1257), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

The antianginal agent ranolazine is metabolized primarily by cytochrome P450-3A (CYP3A) enzymes. Coadministration with strong CYP3Ainhibitors, such as ketoconazole and posaconazole, is contraindicated due to risk of QT prolongation from high levels of ranolazine. This study evaluated the time course of recovery from the posaconazole drug interaction in normal-weight and otherwise healthy obese subjects. Subjects received single doses of ranolazine in the baseline control condition, again during coadministration of posaconazole, and at 4 additional time points during the 2 weeks after posaconazole discontinuation. With posaconazole coadministration, the geometric mean ratio of ranolazine area under the concentration curve (AUC) increased by a factor of 3.9 in normals and by 2.8 in obese subjects. Posttreatment washout of posaconazole was slow in normals (mean half-life 36 hours) and further prolonged in obese subjects (64 hours). Recovery of ranolazine AUC toward baseline was delayed. AUC remained significantly elevated above baseline in normal-weight and obese subjects for 7-14 days after stopping posaconazole. Current product labeling does not address the need for delay or a reduced dose of ranolazine after discontinuation of a strong CYP3A inhibitor before ranolazine can be safely administered. It is recommended that administration of ranolazine should be limited, for example to 500 mg twice daily for 7 days after posaconazole discontinuation in patients with body mass index 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 and for 12 days in patients with body mass index ≥35 kg/m² after ranolazine is resumed.

Methods. Study Site and Institutional Review Board. The study was conducted at Avail Clinical Research, located in DeLand, Fla. The study protocol and consent document were reviewed and approved by IntegReview, Austin, Tex. All study participants provided written informed consent prior to initiation of any study procedures. In addition, this study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and applicable regulatory requirements.

Subjects. A total of 30 subjects, aged 19 to 50, were enrolled in the study (Table 9). All were healthy adults without evidence of active medical disease, with the exception of obesity, and taking no prescription medications; 43% of the study subjects were male.

The study included 2 cohorts of volunteers. The first consisted of subjects of normal body habitus (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m², inclusive, n 15); the second consisted of subjects of obese body habitus (BMI 2:35 kg/m², n 15). Subjects were matched by sex and age when possible. Sample sizes were based on power calculations.

Potential study participants underwent screening and evaluation within 30 days of study initiation. Procedures included medical and psychiatric history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), hematologic and biochemical screening, and urine testing for drugs of abuse. All study participants were healthy active nonsmoking adults with no history of significant medical or psychiatric disease and taking no prescription medications. Obese subjects were free of metabolic or other complications of obesity. Potentially child-bearing women in both groups had a negative pregnancy test and agreed to avoid the risk of pregnancy during the course of the study. Subjects were also administered 12-lead ECGs in triplicate on study days 1 and 15 before and 4 hours after the ranolazine dose as well as before discharge on day 30.

Subjects' waist circumference was measured manually. Percentage android fat for all subjects was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Total android fat (total body fat) was calculated as the product of body weight and percentage android fat.

Procedures. Subjects received ranolazine (500 mg extended-release tablet) on the mornings of study days 1, 15, 18, 22, 25, and 29. Venous blood samples were drawn into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-containing tubes from an indwelling catheter or by separate venipuncture prior to the ranolazine dose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, and 32 hours postdose. Samples were centrifuged, and the plasma was separated and frozen at −70° C. until the time of assay of plasma ranolazine concentrations.

On study day 2, subjects received posaconazole (300 mg delayed-release tablet twice a day), and on the mornings of days 3-15, subjects received posaconazole (300 mg delayed-release tablet daily). Because posaconazole is to be taken with food,⁶ subjects were fed a continental breakfast in the clinical research unit after receiving posaconazole and before discharge from the unit. Venous blood samples were drawn into EDTA-containing tubes before the posaconazole dose on days 2, 5, 8, 12, and 15, and before the ranolazine dose on days 18, 22, 25, and 29. One additional blood sample was taken 5 hours after the posaconazole dose on day 15 for approximate determination of maximum plasma posaconazole concentrations. Samples were centrifuged, and the plasma was separated and frozen at −70° C. until the time of assay of plasma posaconazole concentrations.

Analytic Methods. All bioassay analysis was performed by Keystone Bioanalytical (North Wales, Pa.). For analysis of posaconazole, the internal standard (posaconazole-d₄) was added to the biological samples. Plasma samples were precipitated using formic acid in acetonitrile and isolated using a Phree phospholipid removal tube, and then an aliquot of the sample was injected onto a high-pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Sciex API-5500). The analytical column was a Unison CK-218, 3 μm particle size HPLC column (50×2 mm) from Imtakt USA (Portland, Oreg.). The mobile phase consisted of an aqueous component (0.25% formic acid and 10 mmol/L ammonium formate in water) and an organic component (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) and was delivered by gradient, with the organic component going from 35% to 100%. The m/z transitions monitored were 701.6→614.4 for posaconazole and 705.6→618.4 for the internal standard. The calibration curve ranged from 1 to 1000 ng/mL (8 concentrations in duplicate). The interassay precision of this method (as percentage coefficient of variance) was 4.28% to 7.14%, and the interassay accuracy (as percentage relative error) was 7.02% to 3.12%.

For analysis of ranolazine in plasma samples, the internal standard (ranolazine-d3) was added to the biological samples. Plasma samples were extracted by methyl tertiary butyl ether, centrifuged, and the upper layer was transferred to plastic injection vials with MeOH/water (50:50). An aliquot of the sample was then injected onto a high-pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Sciex API-5500). The analytical column was a Unison CK-218, 3 μm particle size HPLC column (50×2 mm) from Imtakt USA (Portland, Oreg.). The mobile phase consisted of an aqueous component (0.025% formic acid and 10 mmol/L ammonium formate in water) and organic component (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile) and was delivered by gradient, with the organic component going from 15% to 45%. The m/z transitions monitored were 428.3→279.2 for ranolazine and 431.3→282.2 for the internal standard. The calibration curve ranged from 5 to 2500 ng/mL (8 concentrations in duplicate). The interassay precision of this method (as percentage coefficient of variance) was 1.49% to 4.88%, and the intra-assay accuracy (as percentage relative error) was −3.07% to 1.83%.

Pharmacokinetic and Statistical Methods. For each ranolazine trial in each subject, the terminal log-linear phase of the plasma concentration curve was identified visually, and the terminal rate constant (β) was determined by log-linear regression analysis. This was used to calculate the half-life (t_(1/2)). The area under the plasma concentration curve from time 0 until the last nonzero point was determined by the linear trapezoidal method. To this was added the residual area, calculated as the final nonzero concentration divided by β, yielding the total area under the plasma concentration curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC). Also tabulated was the observed maximum plasma concentration (C_(max)). Variables were aggregated as arithmetic mean and SD. Ranolazine C_(max) and AUC were also aggregated as geometric mean and 90% CI.

For each subject, the predose plasma posaconazole concentration on study day 15 was used as a steady-state concentration. The apparent washout half-life of posaconazole was calculated by log-linear regression analysis starting with the plasma concentration on day 15 and ending with the last nonzero value. Differences between normal-weight and obese cohorts were evaluated by Student t-test for independent groups.

Differences in kinetic variables between study days 1 and 15, 18, 22, 25, and 29 (control versus after posaconazole administration) were evaluated either from the untransformed data using Dunnett's t-test or by comparison of geometric means and the 90% CI of the difference.

QTcF values were determined electronically from 12-lead ECG readings taken for safety purposes. This protocol did not involve a thorough QT study; however, safety data were recorded, and the mean, standard deviation, and standard error of QT and QTcF values were tabulated. Differences between baseline and study days 1, 15, and 30 were evaluated by Student's t-test for independent groups.

Results. All 30 subjects completed day 1 of the study, and 27 completed the full study protocol. (One subject was inadvertently given an incorrect dosage of study drug on day 1; this subject was allowed to re-enroll with a new subject number after an appropriate washout period.) Two obese subjects and 1 normal-weight subject withdrew from the study before completion of all study procedures. In the normal-weight group, 1 subject discontinued due to abdominal pain that was possibly related to ranolazine treatment. In the obese group, 1 subject withdrew consent for personal reasons, and 1 subject discontinued due to an adverse event (paresthesia) that was unrelated to the study drug.

Obese subjects were similar in height to normal-weight subjects but were significantly higher in age, weight, BMI, and percentage of total body fat (Table 9).

TABLE 9 Demographic characteristics of study participants (mean ± SD) Normal-weight Obese Number 14 13 Age (years)  27.7 ± 10.6 33.9 ± 7.7 Male/female 7/7 4/9 Weight (Kg) 71.2 ± 8.2 116.8 ± 19.6 (Pounds)  157 ± 18.1 257.5 ± 43.2 Height (Cm) 174.0 ± 8.6  169.0 ± 11.8 (Inches) 68.5 ± 3.4 66.5 ± 4.6 BMI (kg/m²) 23.5 ± 1.6 40.9 ± 5.7

Posaconazole plasma concentrations were lower in obese subjects than in normal-weight subjects (FIG. 5); however, this difference did not reach significance. This is consistent with previous observations of altered posaconazole pharmacokinetics in obese subjects compared to normal-weight subjects, where posaconazole plasma concentrations were observed to be lower in obese patients. Trough (predose) steady-state posaconazole concentrations on day 15 were 3071±1422 ng/mL in normal-weight subjects and 2258±952 ng/mL in obese subjects. Surprisingly, however, it was also observed that the postdosage washout half-life of posaconazole in obese subjects was significantly increased relative to that in normal-weight subjects (64.3 hours and 35.8 hours, respectively). Posaconazole plasma concentrations persisted for at least 2 weeks after stopping treatment in most subjects (FIG. 5).

The geometric mean AUC for ranolazine on day 1 was similar in normal-weight and obese subjects (6454 ng h/mL and 6955 ng h/mL, respectively). Similarly, the geometric mean C_(max) on day 1 did not differ significantly between groups (664.7±318.2 ng/mL and 559.1±270.7 ng/mL in normal-weight and obese subjects, respectively). The geometric mean AUC and Cmax for ranolazine in both normal-weight and obese subjects on days 15, 18, and 22 increased significantly compared to day 1 (FIG. 6, Table 10). AUC and Cmax did not differ significantly between groups. t½ on day 1 was slightly prolonged in obese subjects (4.99±1.50 hours and 6.02±1.75 hours in normal-weight and obese subjects, respectively), but this difference did not reach significance (P=0.126, Table 10).

TABLE 10 Pharmacokinetic parameters of ranolazine (mean ± SD) Normal-weight Obese Day 1 C_(max) (ng/mL) 665 ± 318 559 ± 271 AUC_(0-inf) (ng/mL × h) 7085 ± 3603 8126 ± 4840 T_(1/2) (h)  4.98 ± 1.50^(a)  6.02 ± 1.75^(a) Day 15 C_(max) (ng/mL) 1429 ± 666* 1177 ± 512* AUC_(0-inf) (ng/mL × h)  27477 ± 14895*  25842 ± 21638* T_(1/2) (h) 9.54 ± 4.3  8.78 ± 5.58 Day 18 C_(max) (ng/mL) 1188 ± 469* 1096 ± 502* AUC_(0-inf) (ng/mL × h)  17310 ± 10263*  19294 ± 14150* T_(1/2) (h) 5.73 ± 1.53 7.93 ± 2.98 Day 22 C_(max) (ng/mL)  974 ± 400* 1063 ± 508* AUC_(0-inf) (ng/mL × h) 13414 ± 6252*  15920 ± 11832* T_(1/2) (h) 6.47 ± 3.14 6.09 ± 2.10 Day 25 C_(max) (ng/mL)  928 ± 482*  976 ± 487* AUC_(0-inf) (ng/mL × h) 9385 ± 4591 13846 ± 10600 T_(1/2) (h) 5.05 ± 1.82 6.07 ± 2.10 Day 29 C_(max) (ng/mL) 751 ± 276 719 ± 333 AUC_(0-inf) (ng/mL × h) 8568 ± 3802 10171 ± 7942  T_(1/2) (h) 4.45 ± 1.38 6.38 ± 3.05 *Significance vs Day 1 determined by Dunnett's t-test ^(a)Not significant between normal-weight and obese groups (p = 0.126) by Student's t-test

Within each cohort, the interaction between posaconazole and ranolazine was greatest on day 15 relative to day 1 as determined by the AUC geometric mean ratio (GMR) and 90% CI. The magnitude of the interaction decreased from days 18 to 29; however, plasma ranolazine concentrations on day 29 were still increased relative to day 1 (FIG. 7, Table 11). The lower bound of the AUC GMR 90% CI also remained above 1.0 for 7 days in both normal-weight and obese subjects. Cmax GMRs and 90% CIs followed a similar trend and can be found in Table 11.

TABLE 3 Geometric mean ratios (90% CI) of plasma ranolazine Normal-weight Obese Day 15/Day 1 AUC_(0-inf) 3.88 (2.94-5.13) 2.80 (1.68-4.66) C_(max) 2.16 (1.61-2.87) 2.18 (1.55-3.04) Day 18/Day 1 AUC_(0-inf) 2.34 (1.70-3.22) 2.25 (1.41-3.58) C_(max) 1.82 (1.38-2.42) 1.97 (1.42-2.80) Day 22/Day 1 AUC_(0-inf) 1.88 (1.38-2.54) 1.79 (1.11-2.88) C_(max) 1.50 (1.13-1.99) 1.90 (1.35-2.54) Day 25/Day 1 AUC_(0-inf) 1.30 (0.97-1.76) 1.57 (0.99-2.50) C_(max) 1.36 (1.00-1.85) 1.72 (1.20-2.47) Day 29/Day 1 AUC_(0-inf) 1.22 (0.92-1.62) 1.21 (0.79-1.85) C_(max) 1.16 (0.89-1.53) 1.30 (0.94-1.82)

ECG data revealed that, on study day 30, the average change in QTcF interval from screening values was 12.9±16 milliseconds in normal-weight subjects who completed the study and 2.6±11 milliseconds in obese subjects who completed the study (Table 12).

TABLE 4 QTcF values relative to baseline (msec, mean ± SD) Normal-weight Obese Day 1, predose 2.14 ± 10  7.50 ± 9.2 Day 1, 4 h post-dose 9.85 ± 12 3.83 ± 11 Day 15, predose 6.29 ± 16 2.64 ± 11 Day 15, 4 h post-dose 4.36 ± 16 −3.33 ± 13  Day 30  12.9 ± 16** 2.58 ± 11 **p = 0.012 compared to baseline

Discussion. The present study evaluated the effects of obesity on the plasma concentration of ranolazine in otherwise healthy adults during or after cessation of posaconazole administration. Due to the known linear correlation between ranolazine plasma concentration and increases in the QTc interval, the lower marketed dose of 500 mg was chosen for testing in this study to minimize safety risks.

Without or during concomitant dosing of posaconazole, obese and normal-weight subjects had similar C_(max), AUC, and t½ (Table 10). After cessation of posaconazole administration, both obese and normal-weight subjects demonstrated persistence of elevated ranolazine levels for several days. Interestingly, the t½ of ranolazine increased slightly with the magnitude of the interaction. The magnitude of the effect of posaconazole on day 15 C_(max) was similar between normal-weight and obese subjects (C_(max) GMR=2.16 and 2.18, respectively). The interaction persisted above a C_(max) GMR of 1.5 for 7 and 10 days in normal-weight and obese subjects, respectively. The magnitude of the interaction on day 15 AUC was greater in normal-weight subjects than in obese subjects (AUC GMR, day 15/day 1=3.88 and 2.90, respectively). After day 15, however, the magnitude of the interaction was similar in obese and normal-weight subjects and decreased as posaconazole was eliminated from the body (FIG. 7). The interaction between ranolazine and residual posaconazole persisted above an AUC GMR of 1.5 for at least 7 and 10 days after cessation of posaconazole administration in normal-weight and obese subjects, respectively.

C_(max) and AUC GMRs of 1.5 were also observed in preapproval drug-drug interaction studies between ranolazine and diltiazem, a moderate CYP3A inhibitor.

Based on the results of these preapproval studies, current prescribing instructions for ranolazine state that the maximum dosage of ranolazine should be limited to 500 mg twice a day when taken concomitantly with moderate CYP3A inhibitors, and ranolazine is contraindicated for concomitant use with strong CYP3A inhibitors such as posaconazole. These dosing recommendations are based on the linear correlation between ranolazine plasma concentrations and QT interval because risk of cardiac arrhythmias increases as the QT interval increases.

Among the 27 subjects who completed this study, an average increase in the QTcF interval of 12.9 milliseconds was observed in normal-weight patients on day 30 compared to screening. The average QTcF interval in obese subjects was 2.6 milliseconds. The increase of 12.9 milliseconds in normal subjects was statistically significant (P=0.012) (Table 12). The changes in QTcF were observed from safety ECG data and were not derived from a thorough QT study; however, given current FDA guidance on QT-prolonging drugs, it is important to note this finding.

This study is one of the first reports of a sustained drug-drug interaction with posaconazole. Although time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A by posaconazole is minimal, the results of these studies suggest that inhibition of CYP3A by posaconazole persists after cessation of administration and should be accounted for in clinical practice.

In current clinical practice, a patient on ranolazine in need of treatment with posaconazole would stop taking ranolazine while being treated with posaconazole, and then resume ranolazine shortly after finishing the posaconazole regimen to recommence treatment for chronic angina. The results of this study suggest that physicians should instruct their patients to delay/limit the dose of ranolazine for an extended period after stopping posaconazole to avoid drug-drug interactions due to residual posaconazole levels.

Conclusion. Posaconazole, a known CYP3A strong inhibitor, increases ranolazine concentrations to a clinically relevant and potentially hazardous extent during concomitant administration and for several days following its discontinuation. Although steady-state posaconazole concentrations are lower in obese subjects than in normal-weight subjects, its half-life is increased in obese subjects such that the persistence of the interaction is observed in both obese and normal-weight people. The magnitude of the interaction between ranolazine and residual posaconazole elevates ranolazine plasma concentrations to the extent that they are at risk for significant QTc prolongation and potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Based on the results of this study, administration of ranolazine should be limited to 500 mg twice daily for 7 days after posaconazole discontinuation in patients with BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m² and for 12 days in patients with BMI≥35 kg/m² after ranolazine is resumed. 

1. A method of treating a patient with a CYP3A4 substrate drug contraindicated for concomitant administration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, comprising: (a) treating a patient with multiple doses of posaconazole; (b) stopping posaconazole treatment; (c) delaying administration of the CYP3A4 substrate drug after step (b) for up to about 7 days; then (d) administering a dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug which is not more than about 50% of the reference dose of the CYP3A4 substrate drug during a time period of 5-21 days after stopping posaconazole treatment.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is treated with or prescribed the CYP3A4 substrate drug for a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy in women in combination with fulvestrant, as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy and prior chemotherapy in the metastatic setting, cystic fibrosis (CF) in patients age 2 years and older who have one mutation in the CFTR gene that is responsive to ivacaftor based on clinical and/or in vitro assay data, deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adult patients who have been treated with three or more prior lines of chemotherapy, intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera patients who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea, as an adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, cystic fibrosis (CF) patients aged 12 years and older who are homozygous for the F508del mutation or who have at least one mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that is responsive to tezacaftor/ivacaftor based on in vitro data and/or clinical evidence, metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an antiVEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy, locally advanced, unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients who have been previously treated with imatinib mesylate and sunitinib malate, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have been previously treated with sorafenib, chronic HCV genotype 1 or 3 infection with sofosbuvir and with or without ribavirin, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients whose tumors are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ROS1-positive as detected by an FDA-approved test, opioid induced constipation (OIC) in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain, including patients with chronic pain related to prior cancer or its treatment who do not require frequent (e.g., weekly) opioid dosage escalation, unresectable or metastatic melanoma in patients with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, in combination with trametinib, for unresectable or metastatic melanoma in patients with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test melanoma in patients with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, and involvement of lymph node(s), following complete resection, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with BRAF V600E mutation as detected by an FDA-approved test, locally advanced or metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) in patients with BRAF V600E mutation and with no satisfactory locoregional treatment options, and with or without ribavirin for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said CYP3A4 substrate drug is selected from the group consisting of lurasidone, ranolazine, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, venetoclax, trabectedin, ribociclib succinate, deflazacort, cinacalcet hydrochloride, pimavanserin tartrate, aripiprazole lauroxil, cariprazine hydrochloride, simeprevir sodium, everolimus, saxagliptin hydrochloride, saxagliptin/metformin hydrochloride, ticagrelor, vilazodone hydrochloride, apixaban, tofacitinib citrate, eletriptan hydrobromide, nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate, dronedarone hydrochloride, fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate, rivaroxaban, tadalafil, ibrutinib, cobimetinib, colchicine, cabazitaxel, tolvaptan, fosaprepitant dimeglumine, aprepitant, solifenacin succinate, erlotinib hydrochloride, ado-trastuzumab ematansine, bosutinib monohydrate, sunitinib malate, fesoterodine fumarate, maraviroc, pazopanib hydrochloride, aripiprazole, axitinib, dapagliflozin/saxagliptin, cabozantinib S-malate, ponatinib hydrochloride, isavuconazonium sulfate, lomitapide mesylate, iloperidone, palbociclib, levomilnacipran hydrochloride, pimozide, pomalidomide, abemaciclib, ivacaftor, ruxolitinib phosphate, brexpiprazole, ivacaftor/tezacaftor, regorafenib, daclatasvir, crizotinib, naloxegol oxalate, dabrafenib, olaparib, and elbasvir and grazoprevir.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said administration of the CYP3A4 substrate drug in step (d) is for about 5-14 days.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said administration of the CYP3A4 substrate in step (d) is for about 5-10 days.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said delaying in step (c) is up to one day.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is not obese and is a normal CYP3A4 metabolizer.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient is a poor or intermediate CYP3A4 metabolizer.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient has a characteristic selected from at least one of the following: i) BMI of at least about 35; ii) % IBW of at least about 150%; iii) waist size greater than about 42 inches; iv) % body fat greater than about 40%; v) total body fat greater than about 40 kg; and vi) medically diagnosed as obese. 